Table 1 Baseline clinical characteristics

Number

300,398

202,716

97,682

2277

41,410

3227

Sex, male

150,597 (50.13%)

96,011 (47.36%)

54,586 (55.88%)

1563 (68.64%)

24,002 (57.96%)

2156 (66.81%)

Age category

 -54

17,714 (5.90%)

11,597 (5.72%)

6117 (6.26%)

450 (19.76%)

2248 (5.43%)

416 (12.89%)

 55–64

19,976 (6.65%)

11,768 (5.81%)

8208 (8.40%)

359 (15.77%)

3531 (8.53%)

485 (15.03%)

 65–74

46,692 (15.54%)

27,154 (13.40%)

19,538 (20.00%)

569 (24.99%)

8762 (21.16%)

934 (28.94%)

 75–84

95,215 (31.70%)

61,353 (30.27%)

33,862 (34.67%)

643 (28.24%)

15,465 (37.35%)

999 (30.96%)

 85-

120,801 (40.21%)

90,844 (44.81%)

29,957 (30.67%)

256 (11.24%)

11,404 (27.54%)

393 (12.18%)

 Age at 75 years or older

216,016 (71.91%)

152,197 (75.08%)

63,819 (65.33%)

899 (39.48%)

26,869 (64.89%)

1392 (43.14%)

Medications at discharge

 Diuretics

256,829 (85.50%)

173,109 (85.39%)

83,720 (85.71%)

1835 (80.59%)

35,811 (86.48%)

2638 (81.75%)

 β-blockers

163,884 (54.56%)

108,693 (53.62%)

55,191 (56.50%)

1666 (73.17%)

25,359 (61.24%)

2360 (73.13%)

 ACEI/ARB

161,871 (53.89%)

105,231 (51.91%)

56,640 (57.98%)

1628 (71.50%)

26,431 (63.83%)

2339 (72.48%)

 MRA

131,132 (43.65%)

90,625 (44.71%)

40,507 (41.47%)

1261 (55.38%)

17,111 (41.32%)

1692 (52.43%)

 Digoxin

18,107 (6.03%)

12,871 (6.35%)

5236 (5.36%)

93 (4.08%)

2090 (5.05%)

140 (4.34%)

 Triple therapy

50,075 (16.67%)

32,848 (16.20%)

17,227 (17.64%)

773 (33.95%)

8059 (19.46%)

1002 (31.05%)

 Anti-platelets

87,256 (29.05%)

48,913 (24.13%)

38,343 (39.25%)

931 (40.89%)

19,474 (47.03%)

1583 (49.05%)

 Anti-coagulants

125,101 (41.65%)

88,082 (43.45%)

37,019 (37.90%)

953 (41.85%)

16,360 (39.51%)

1346 (41.71%)

 Anti-arrhythmic agents

21,722 (7.23%)

14,717 (7.26%)

7005 (7.17%)

218 (9.57%)

2963 (7.16%)

288 (8.92%)

 Anti-hypertensive agents

109,097 (36.32%)

67,881 (33.49%)

41,216 (42.19%)

767 (33.68%)

19,581 (47.29%)

1253 (38.83%)

 Anti-diabetic agents

60,999 (20.31%)

 SGLT2 inhibitors

5504 (1.83%)

5504 (5.63%)

 DPP4 inhibitors

44,637 (14.86%)

44,637 (45.70%)

 Sulfonylurea

10,307 (3.43%)

10,307 (10.55%)

141 (6.19%)

7219 (17.43%)

507 (15.71%)

 Metformin

7159 (2.38%)

–

7159 (7.33%)

243 (10.67%)

4675 (11.29%)

638 (19.77%)

 Insulin

17,678 (5.88%)

–

17,678 (18.10%)

486 (21.34%)

7738 (18.69%)

832 (25.78%)

 GLP1 agonist

1014 (0.34%)

–

1014 (1.04%)

174 (7.64%)

36 (0.09%)

 < 10

 Others

13,820 (4.60%)

13,820 (14.15%)

201 (8.83%)

9306 (22.47%)

710 (22.00%)

 Statin

74,588 (24.83%)

40,243 (19.85%)

34,345 (35.16%)

1072 (47.08%)

18,285 (44.16%)

1748 (54.17%)

Procedures during hospitalization

 Inotropic agents

51,647 (17.19%)

34,165 (16.85%)

17,482 (17.90%)

503 (22.09%)

7890 (19.05%)

760 (23.55%)

 Ventilator use*

58,766 (19.56%)

36,649 (18.08%)

22,117 (22.64%)

660 (28.99%)

10,539 (25.45%)

1058 (32.79%)

 Cardiac rehabilitation

126,986 (42.27%)

87,144 (42.99%)

39,842 (40.79%)

1311 (57.58%)

18,409 (44.46%)

1879 (58.23%)

Comorbidities

 Diabetes mellitus#

97,682 (32.52%)

 Valvular disease

48,604 (16.18%)

35,257 (17.39%)

13,347 (13.66%)

202 (8.87%)

4398 (10.62%)

298 (9.23%)

 Cardiomyopathy

14,446 (4.81%)

10,316 (5.09%)

4130 (4.23%)

210 (9.22%)

1658 (4.00%)

194 (6.01%)

 Atrial fibrillation/flutter

104,409 (34.76%)

75,910 (37.45%)

28,499 (29.18%)

706 (31.01%)

11,221 (27.10%)

937 (29.04%)

 Coronary artery disease

83,207 (27.70%)

49,786 (24.56%)

33,421 (34.21%)

924 (40.58%)

14,281 (34.49%)

1396 (43.26%)

 Pulmonary hypertension

4925 (1.64%)

3670 (1.81%)

1255 (1.28%)

31 (1.36%)

420 (1.01%)

28 (0.87%)

 Peripheral artery disease

10,217 (3.40%)

4865 (2.40%)

5352 (5.48%)

64 (2.81%)

1887 (4.56%)

112 (3.47%)

 Chronic kidney disease

47,250 (15.73%)

25,125 (12.39%)

22,125 (22.65%)

346 (15.20%)

10,009 (24.17%)

485 (15.03%)

 COPD

11,753 (3.91%)

8434 (4.16%)

3319 (3.40%)

46 (2.02%)

1201 (2.90%)

79 (2.45%)

 Dementia

21,244 (7.07%)

15,294 (7.54%)

5950 (6.09%)

43 (1.89%)

2159 (5.21%)

88 (2.73%)

Clinical Outcomes

 Hospitalization period, days

18.0 (12.0, 27.0)

17.0 (12.0, 27.0)

19.0 (13.0, 29.0)

17.0 (12.0, 25.0)

20.0 (14.0, 30.0)

18.0 (13.0, 27.0)

 All-cause mortality

42,430 (14.12%)

29,506 (14.56%)

12,924 (13.23%)

131 (5.75%)

5229 (12.63%)

205 (6.35%)

  ≥ 75 years

38,066 (17.62%)

27,058 (17.78%)

11,008 (17.25%)

85 (9.45%)

4397 (16.36%)

138 (9.91%)

 HF readmission

68,366 (22.76%)

44,049 (21.73%)

24,317 (24.89%)

296 (13.00%)

10,903 (26.33%)

457 (14.16%)

  ≥ 75 years

54,645 (25.30%)

37,177 (24.43%)

17,468 (27.37%)

155 (17.24%)

7715 (28.71%)

230 (16.52%)

 All-cause readmission

161,309 (53.70%)

105,505 (52.05%)

55,804 (57.13%)

978 (42.95%)

24,566 (59.32%)

1547 (47.94%)

  ≥ 75 years

119,622 (55.38%)

82,339 (54.10%)

37,283 (58.42%)

426 (47.39%)

16,143 (60.08%)

690 (49.57%)