Glucose dysregulation and subclinical cardiac dysfunction in older adults: The Cardiovascular Health Study

Table 3 Cross-sectional associations of glucose and insulin measures with cardiac strain among CHS participants

Measure	Left ventricular longitudinal strain
	Model 1^a			Model 2^b
	N	Beta (95% CI)	p-value	N	Beta (95% CI)	p-value
Fasting glucose	2426	− 0.25 (− 0.39, − 0.12)	0.000	2426	− 0.07 (− 0.21, 0.07)	0.337
2 h glucose	2345	− 0.23 (− 0.37, − 0.10)	0.001	2345	− 0.04 (− 0.19, 0.10)	0.533
HOMA-IR	2426	− 0.24 (− 0.37, − 0.11)	0.000	2426	− 0.07 (− 0.20, 0.07)	0.337
Matsuda ISI	2336	0.41 (0.27, 0.54)	0.000	2336	0.18 (0.03, 0.33)	0.021
Stumvoll index	2336	− 0.21 (− 0.35, − 0.07)	0.002	2336	− 0.10 (− 0.24, 0.04)	0.178

Measure	Left ventricular early diastolic strain rate
	Model 1			Model 2
	N	Beta (95% CI)	p-value	N	Beta (95% CI)	p-value
Fasting glucose	2385	− 0.02 (− 0.03, − 0.01)	0.000	2385	− 0.01 (− 0.02, 0.00)	0.203
2 h glucose	2305	− 0.01 (− 0.02, − 0.01)	0.003	2305	− 0.00 (− 0.01, 0.01)	0.613
HOMA-IR	2385	− 0.02 (− 0.03, − 0.01)	0.000	2385	− 0.01 (− 0.02, 0.00)	0.232
Matsuda ISI	2296	0.03 (0.02, 0.04)	0.000	2296	0.01 (− 0.00, 0.02)	0.101
Stumvoll index	2296	− 0.01 (− 0.02, − 0.01)	0.002	2296	− 0.00 (− 0.01, 0.01)	0.455

Measure	Left atrial reservoir strain
	Model 1			Model 2
	N	Beta (95% CI)	p-value	N	Beta (95% CI)	p-value
Fasting glucose	2375	− 0.69 (− 1.28, − 0.09)	0.023	2375	− 0.19 (− 0.81, 0.43)	0.550
2 h glucose	2300	− 0.49 (− 1.10, 0.12)	0.113	2300	0.02 (− 0.62, 0.65)	0.959
HOMA-IR	2375	− 0.32 (− 0.91, 0.27)	0.292	2375	0.16 (− 0.46, 0.78)	0.610
Matsuda ISI	2291	0.89 (0.28, 1.50)	0.004	2291	0.21 (− 0.48, 0.89)	0.553
Stumvoll index	2291	− 0.42 (− 1.03, 0.19)	0.174	2291	− 0.06 (− 0.70, 0.58)	0.862

Mean ± SD for exposure and outcome variables: Fasting glucose, mg/dL = 102.77 + 19.24, 2-h glucose, mg/dL = 142.44 + 54.6, HOMA-IR = 3.77 + 4.46, Matsuda ISI = 3.64 + 2.23, Stumvoll index = 335.48 + 178.93, Left ventricular longitudinal strain, % = 14.80 + 3.54, Left ventricular early diastolic strain rate, s.⁻¹ = 0.676 + 0.238, Left atrial reservoir strain, % = 42.14 + 15.22
Values shown are beta coefficients (95% confidence intervals) per SD increment in measure from linear regression models
HOMA-IR homeostatic model of insulin resistance, ISI insulin sensitivity index
^aModel 1 adjusted for age, sex, race, site, speckle-tracking analyst, echo image and quality score
^bModel 2 = Model 1 + waist circumference, smoking, alcohol, systolic blood pressure, antihypertensive therapy, LDL, HDL, eGFR, heart rate

ISSN: 1475-2840