Table 1 Baseline characteristics of patients with type 2 diabetes
| Â | Baseline osteocalcin levels, ng/mL | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Quintile 1 | Quintile 2 | Quintile 3 | Quintile 4 | Quintile 5 | |
Participants (n) | 1890 | 1879 | 1885 | 1878 | 1881 |
Age (years) | 60.0 ± 13.4 | 57.4 ± 13.2 | 56.8 ± 13.7 | 56.7 ± 13.7 | 55.5 ± 16.5 |
Male (%) | 64.6 | 65.6 | 59.4 | 54.4 | 49.2 |
Duration of diabetes (years) | 7.21 ± 0.94 | 7.06 ± 0.96 | 7.01 ± 0.99 | 7.01 ± 1.01 | 6.87 ± 1.31 |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 24.5 ± 3.55 | 24.4 ± 3.51 | 24.2 ± 3.60 | 24.0 ± 3.59 | 23.6 ± 3.68 |
Blood pressure (mmHg) | |||||
 Systolic | 128 ± 13 | 128 ± 15 | 128 ± 14 | 129 ± 15 | 130 ± 16 |
 Diastolic | 75 ± 13 | 73 ± 12 | 73 ± 12 | 74 ± 12 | 74 ± 12 |
Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.56 ± 1.23 | 4.62 ± 1.18 | 4.71 ± 1.17 | 4.74 ± 1.18 | 4.78 ± 1.33 |
Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (mmol/L) | 2.75 ± 0.94 | 2.77 ± 0.88 | 2.81 ± 0.91 | 2.85 ± 0.92 | 2.86 ± 1.02 |
High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.11 ± 0.31 | 1.10 ± 0.31 | 1.10 ± 0.30 | 1.14 ± 0.32 | 1.14 ± 0.35 |
Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.80 ± 0.95 | 1.77 ± 0.57 | 1.85 ± 0.85 | 1.66 ± 0.46 | 1.60 ± 0.29 |
HbA1c (%) | 8.7 ± 2.0 | 8.6 ± 1.9 | 8.5 ± 2.0 | 8.4 ± 1.9 | 8.0 ± 2.0 |
25(OH)D (ng/mL) | 16.0 ± 4.87 | 16.2 ± 4.86 | 15.7 ± 5.09 | 15.2 ± 5.21 | 14.4 ± 5.36 |
Estimated GFR (mL/min/1.73Â m2) (%) | |||||
 ≥ 90 | 65.2 | 69.9 | 68.8 | 68.9 | 57.3 |
 60–89 | 31.8 | 27.4 | 28.8 | 28.9 | 34.7 |
 < 60 | 3.0 | 2.7 | 2.4 | 2.2 | 8.0 |
Body mass index categories (%) (kg/m2) | |||||
 < 25 | 59.8 | 60.0 | 63.3 | 64.7 | 69.5 |
 25–29.9 | 33.9 | 33.8 | 30.9 | 29.8 | 24.4 |
 ≥ 30 | 6.3 | 6.2 | 5.8 | 5.5 | 6.1 |
Current or past smoker (%) | 28.3 | 34.5 | 31.4 | 25.3 | 20.6 |
Current drinker (%) | 18.1 | 20.0 | 16.9 | 12.8 | 8.9 |
Family history of diabetes (%) | 23.8 | 29.1 | 29.1 | 26.2 | 20.5 |
Insurance type (%) | |||||
 Insured | 81.1 | 78.3 | 74.9 | 73.3 | 68.4 |
 Uninsured | 18.9 | 21.7 | 25.1 | 26.7 | 31.6 |
Use of medications (%) | |||||
 Antiplatelet or anticoagulant | 15.2 | 19.6 | 16.6 | 12.3 | 14.9 |
 Lipid-lowering | 54.4 | 53.8 | 47.7 | 45.4 | 44.3 |
 Antihypertensive | 85.6 | 90.2 | 91.0 | 91.2 | 88.9 |
 Glucose-lowering | |||||
  Metformin | 74.9 | 84.7 | 86.7 | 86.4 | 88.9 |
  Insulin | 62.5 | 70.0 | 70.7 | 69.5 | 71.0 |
  Insulin secretagogues | 26.6 | 49.1 | 84.0 | 68.0 | 8.8 |
  DPP4 inhibitors | 92.2 | 74.3 | 26.5 | 19.8 | 8.3 |
  α-glucosidase inhibitors | 84.6 | 82.4 | 80.8 | 80.9 | 80.3 |
  GLP-1 receptor agonists | 2.1 | 9.0 | 16.4 | 10.1 | 0.7 |
  Thiazolidinediones | 44.2 | 52.0 | 51.5 | 51.2 | 51.1 |
  SGLT2 inhibitors | 2.2 | 3.0 | 2.6 | 2.1 | 2.6 |