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Table 1 Characteristics of all 417 diabetic patients evaluated and of those divided into quartiles of relative changes in aortic stiffness (Q1, greatest reductions; Q4, greatest increases)

From: Prognostic impact of changes in aortic stiffness for cardiovascular and mortality outcomes in individuals with type 2 diabetes: the Rio de Janeiro cohort study

Characteristics

All patients

(n = 417)

Q1

< − 1.38%

(n = 104)

Q2

− 1.38 to + 1.10%

(n = 104)

Q3

+ 1.11 to + 4.03%

(n = 105)

Q4

> +4.03%

(n = 104)

p-value

Age (years)

60.0 (9.0)

62.2 (8.7) †

58.3 (8.7)

59.9 (8.8)

59.7 (9.4)

0.017

Male sex (%)

35.7

41.3

27.9

44.8 ‡

28.8

0.018

Body mass index (kg/m2)

29.6 (4.7)

29.9 (4.7)

30.1 (4.5)

29.1 (4.6)

29.5 (4.9)

0.47

Smoking, current/past (%)

42.7

45.2

40.4

39.0

46.2

0.67

Diabetes duration (years)

8 (3–15)

9.5 (4–19) ‡

5.5 (2–15)

7 (3–15)

7.5 (3–14)

0.064

Chronic diabetic complications (%)

      

 Cerebrovascular disease

8.9

6.7

10.6

10.5

7.7

0.69

 Coronary artery disease

18.0

23.1

19.2

13.3

16.3

0.30

 Retinopathy

30.0

36.5

26.0

28.8

28.8

0.38

 Nephropathy

26.9

26.0

27.9

25.7

27.9

0.97

 Peripheral neuropathy

26.4

32.7

24.0

23.8

25.0

0.41

Diabetes treatment (%)

      

 Metformin

88.5

87.5

86.5

90.5

89.4

0.81

 Sulfonylureas

45.3

48.1

40.4

43.8

49.0

0.57

 Insulin

45.8

47.1

40.4

54.3

41.3

0.16

 Other medications a

4.1

3.8

3.8

4.8

3.8

0.93

 Dyslipidemia (%)

88.0

84.6

86.5

90.5

90.4

0.47

 Statins use (%)

75.8

73.1

74.0

76.2

79.8

0.68

 Arterial hypertension (%)

85.9

94.2 †

80.8

81.0

87.5

0.015

 Number of anti-hypertensive drugs

3 (1–3)

3 (2–4)

3 (1–4)

2 (1–3)

3 (1–3)

0.12

 ACE inhibitors / AR blockers (%)

84.1

91.3 ‡

77.9

85.7

81.6

0.050

 Diuretics (%)

67.3

73.1

65.4

61.0

69.9

0.26

 Calcium channel blockers (%)

30.8

41.3

30.8

25.7

25.2

0.042

 Beta-blockers (%)

48.8

53.8

48.1

43.8

49.5

0.54

Mean SBP between CF-PWV measurements (mmHg) b

139 (16)

141 (14)

138 (14)

139 (16)

139 (18)

0.54

Mean DBP between CF-PWV measurements (mmHg) b

77 (9)

77 (8)

76 (8)

77 (9)

78 (9)

0.69

1st CF-PVW measurement

      

 CF-PWV (m/s)

9.7 (2.0)

11.1 (2.3) *

9.5 (1.8)

9.5 (1.7)

8.8 (1.6) ‡

< 0.001

 SBP (mmHg)

147 (23)

154 (25) ‡

147 (21)

145 (22)

143 (23)

0.002

 DBP (mmHg)

80 (12)

83 (13)

80 (11)

78 (12)

78 (13)

0.025

 Heart rate (bpm)

72 (12)

73 (12)

71 (13)

72 (12)

71 (12)

0.35

2nd CF-PVW measurement

      

 CF-PWV (m/s)

10.2 (2.1)

9.5 (2.1)

9.4 (1.8)

10.4 (1.9) *

11.3 (2.0) *

< 0.001

 SBP (mmHg)

144 (24)

139 (22)

139 (21)

146 (23)

152 (28) *

< 0.001

 DBP (mmHg)

76 (14)

72 (12)

73 (12)

77 (17)

81 (14) *

< 0.001

 Heart rate (bpm)

69 (12)

68 (11)

68 (13)

69 (12)

71 (12)

0.26

Time-interval between CF-PWV measurements (years)

4.2 (0.6)

4.2 (0.5)

4.3 (0.5)

4.2 (0.6)

4.2 (0.6)

0.45

Relative CF-PWV change (% per year)

+ 1.1 (− 1.4 to +4.0)

− 2.8 (− 4.4 to − 2.0) *

− 0.2 (− 0.8 to +0.4)

+ 2.1 (+ 1.5 to +3.0) *

+ 5.9 (+ 4.9 to +8.4) *

< 0.001

Relative MAP change (% per year)

-0.9 (-4.0 - +2.4)

-3.4 (-6.3 - +0.6) ‡

-1.7 (-4.2 - +1.4)

+ 0.2 (− 2.9 to +2.8) ‡

+ 1.8 (− 1.7 to +3.3) *

< 0.001

Relative heart rate change (% per year)

− 0.9 (− 3.4 to +1.1)

− 1.4 (− 3.8 to +0.7)

− 0.8 (− 2.9 to +1.8)

− 1.0 (− 3.6 to +0.6)

-0.5 (− 2.6 to +2.6)

0.045

Laboratory variables b

      

 Fasting glycemia (mmol/l)

8.0 (2.8)

7.8 (2.7)

7.9 (2.9)

8.2 (2.8)

8.0 (2.8)

0.73

 HbA1c (%)

7.6 (1.3)

7.4 (1.1)

7.5 (1.3)

7.7 (1.3)

7.9 (1.5) ‡

0.008

 (mmol/mol)

60 (14.2)

57 (12.0)

58 (14.2)

61 (14.2)

63 (16.4)

 

 Triacylglycerol (mmol/l)

1.8 (1.2)

1.8 (1.2)

1.9 (1.4)

1.9 (1.2)

1.9 (1.1)

0.90

 HDL-cholesterol (mmol/l)

1.1 (0.3)

1.1 (0.3)

1.1 (0.3)

1.1 (0.3)

1.1 (0.3)

0.98

 LDL-cholesterol (mmol/l)

2.6 (0.6)

2.5 (0.6)

2.6 (0.6)

2.7 (0.7)

2.6 (0.7)

0.44

 eGFR (ml/min/1.73m2)

72 (18)

71 (17)

73 (20)

75 (17)

70 (17)

0.24

 Albuminuria (mg/24 h)

16 (8–44)

15 (8–39)

17 (9–46)

15 (9–33)

21 (8–73)

0.61

Outcomes incidence, absolute number (incidence rate per 1000 person-years of follow-up)

  

 Total cardiovascular events

101 (33.6)

32 (43.6) ‡

17 (20.8)

30 (41.7) ‡

22 (30.0)

0.056

 Major adverse cardiovascular events

85 (27.8)

28 (37.1) †

13 (15.4)

24 (33.0) ‡

20 (27.1)

0.051

 All-cause mortality

135 (42.7)

35 (44.9) †

17 (19.7)

40 (53.5) *

43 (55.8) *

0.001

 Cardiovascular mortality

64 (20.3)

23 (29.5) †

8 (9.3)

19 (25.4) ‡

14 (18.2)

0.021

  1. Values are proportions, and means (standard deviations) or medians (interquartile range), except for outcomes incidences
  2. Baseline characteristics were obtained at the 2nd CF-PWV measurement, except when indicated
  3. Outcomes assessment began after the 2nd CF-PWV measurement
  4. ACE angiotensin-converting enzyme, AR angiotensin II receptor, SBP systolic blood pressure, DBP diastolic blood pressure, CF-PWV carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity, MAP mean arterial pressure, HbA 1c glycated hemoglobin, HDL high-density lipoprotein, LDL low-density lipoprotein, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate
  5. a 17 patients were using other antidiabetic medications: 12 were using DPP-4 inhibitors and 5 were using thiazolidinediones, none were using GLP-1 agonists or SGLT-2 inhibitors
  6. b Mean values obtained in the time-interval between the 1st and 2nd CF-PWV measurements
  7. Post-hoc comparisons among quartile subgroups were performed against the reference 2nd quartile subgroup with Bonferroni’s correction for multiple comparisons: *p < 0.001; †p < 0.01; ‡p < 0.05
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Cardiovascular Diabetology

ISSN: 1475-2840