Nutritional biomarkers and heart failure requiring hospitalization in patients with type 2 diabetes: the SURDIAGENE cohort

Table 3 Survival analysis for HFrH, the composite HFrH and/or CV death event and all-cause death

	Unadjusted model		Fully adjusted model
	HR (95_%CI)	P-value	HR (95_%CI)	P-value
Cause-specific HM for HFrH
Carnitine	1.20 [1.05; 1.37]	0.0065	1.13 [0.99; 1.29]	0.061
Betaine	1.34 [1.20; 1.50]	< 0.0001	1.11 [0.97; 1.27]	0.13
Choline	1.35 [1.20; 1.52]	< 0.0001	0.94 [0.82; 1.08]	0.39
TMAO*	1.32 [1.16; 1.50]	< 0.0001	1.09 [0.94; 1.26]	0.24
TMA	1.01 [0.89; 1.15]	0.86	0.98 [0.86; 1.13]	0.78
Cysteine	1.38 [1.21; 1.58]	< 0.0001	1.10 [0.95; 1.28]	0.20
Homocysteine	1.28 [1.17; 1.39]	< 0.0001	1.05 [0.91; 1.21]	0.49
Methionine	1.02 [0.89; 1.18]	0.73	1.06 [0.93; 1.22]	0.38
Cause-specific HM for HFrH and/or CV death
Carnitine	1.12 [1.01; 1.25]	0.037	1.06 [0.95; 1.17]	0.32
Betaine	1.27 [1.16; 1.40]	< 0.0001	1.04 [0.93; 1.17]	0.46
Choline	1.28 [1.17; 1.42]	< 0.0001	0.91 [0.82; 1.02]	0.093
TMAO*	1.31 [1.19; 1.45]	< 0.0001	1.10 [0.98; 1.23]	0.11
TMA	1.02 [0.93; 1.13]	0.65	0.99 [0.89; 1.10]	0.81
Cysteine	1.31 [1.17; 1.46]	< 0.0001	1.04 [0.92; 1.18]	0.49
Homocysteine	1.28 [1.20; 1.37]	< 0.0001	1.08 [0.97; 1.21]	0.16
Methionine	0.96 [0.85; 1.08]	0.46	1.00 [0.89; 1.11]	0.93
Cause-specific HM for all-cause death
Carnitine	1.05 [0.95; 1.15]	0.32	1.01 [0.92; 1.11]	0.84
Betaine	1.28 [1.18; 1.39]	< 0.0001	1.07 [0.97; 1.18]	0.20
Choline	1.26 [1.16; 1.38]	< 0.0001	0.94 [0.85; 1.04]	0.23
TMAO*	1.20 [1.10; 1.31]	< 0.0001	1.03 [0.94; 1.14]	0.52
TMA	1.05 [0.97; 1.14]	0.26	1.01 [0.93; 1.10]	0.83
Cysteine	1.34 [1.22; 1.48]	< 0.0001	1.08 [0.97; 1.20]	0.15
Homocysteine	1.30 [1.23; 1.38]	< 0.0001	1.16 [1.06; 1.27]	0.0011
Methionine	0.96 [0.87; 1.06]	0.37	0.98 [0.89; 1.07]	0.66

^*TMAO was natural-log transformed before standardization. Cause-specific hazard models were fitted using two adjustment models, unadjusted and fully adjusted. Covariates added in the fully adjusted models were age, sex, history of CAD, log transformed NT-proBPNP, eGFR and log transformed uACR. The nutritional biomarkers were tested separately from each other in the different adjustment models. All HR are given per 1 SD of the given parameter
Abbreviations: CV: cardiovascular; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate calculated with the CKD-EPI 2009-formula; HFrH: Heart Failure requiring Hospitalization, defined as the first occurrence of acute HF leading to hospitalization and/or death; HM: Hazard model; HR: Hazard-ratio; NT-proBNP: N-terminal prohormone of brain natriuretic peptide; TMA: trimethylamine; TMAO: trimethylamine N-oxide; uACR: urine albumin/creatinine ratio

ISSN: 1475-2840