Nutritional biomarkers and heart failure requiring hospitalization in patients with type 2 diabetes: the SURDIAGENE cohort

Table 2 Baseline values for the nutritional biomarkers of interest, classified by status for follow-up events

Baseline characteristics	All (n = 1349)	Event: HFrH			Event: All-cause death
Baseline characteristics	All (n = 1349)	No (n = 1140)	Yes (n = 209)	P-value	No (n = 902)	Yes (n = 447)	P-value
Methylamines
Carnitine (µmol/L)	44.0 ± 12.4	43.7 ± 12.0	45.8 ± 14.8	0.044	43.9 ± 12.0	44.2 ± 13.3	0.66
Betaine (µmol/L)	33.5 ± 14.1	33.0 ± 13.6	36.5 ± 16.1	0.0030	32.5 ± 13.0	35.5 ± 15.8	0.001
Choline (µmol/L)	1.48 ± 0.38	1.46 ± 0.37	1.57 ± 0.43	< 0.0001	1.44 ± 0.34	1.54 ± 0.44	< 0.0001
TMAO (µmol/L)	6.8 [4.2; 12.8]	6.6 [4.0; 12.3]	8.8 [5.3; 17.0]	< 0.0001	6.5 [4.0; 11.7]	7.9 [4.8; 15.3]	< 0.0001
TMA (µmol/L)	0.76 ± 0.27	0.77 ± 0.27	0.75 ± 0.27	0.53	0.76 ± 0.26	0.76 ± 0.28	0.93
Thio-amino-acids
Cysteine (µmol/L)	23 [13; 39]	23 [13; 39]	23 [14; 40]	0.38	24 [13; 40]	21 [14; 37]	0.57
Homocysteine (µmol/L)	8.9 [4.7; 14.8]	8.6 [4.7; 14.1]	10.9 [5.7; 18.0]	< 0.0001	8.2 [4.5; 13.5]	10.9 [5.7; 17.5]	< 0.0001
Methionine (µmol/L)	26.1 ± 7.1	26.1 ± 6.8	26.1 ± 8.2	0.93	26.3 ± 6.8	25.7 ± 7.5	0.20

Data are expressed using mean ± SD or median [25th–75th percentile] for quantitative data, as appropriate. P-values are calculated using Fisher’s exact test for categorical data, and Student T-test or Mann–Whitney U-test for quantitative data
HFrH: Heart Failure requiring Hospitalization, defined as the first occurrence of acute HF leading to hospitalization and/or death; TMA: trimethylamine; TMAO: trimethylamine N-oxide

ISSN: 1475-2840