Table 1 Study population characteristics
|  | ACCORD | VADT | ACCORD + VADT | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Standard control | Intensive control | Standard control | Intensive control | Standard control | Intensive control | |
N = 5123 | N = 5128 | N = 899 | N = 892 | N = 6022 | N = 6020 | |
Age, mean (SD) | 62.8 (6.7) | 62.8 (6.6) | 60.3 (8.6) | 60.5 (8.8) | 62.4 (7.0) | 62.4 (7.0) |
Sex, n female (%) | 1969 (38.4) | 1983 (38.7) | 26 (2.9) | 26 (2.9) | 1995 (33.1) | 2009 (33.4) |
Race, n (%) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Black | 956 (18.7) | 997 (19.4) | 147 (16.4) | 152 (17.0) | 1103 (18.3) | 1149 (19.1) |
 Hispanic | 379 (7.4) | 358 (7.0) | 136 (15.1) | 155 (17.4) | 515 (8.6) | 513 (8.5) |
HbA1c (%), mean (SD) | 8.3 (1.1) | 8.3 (1.1) | 9.4 (1.6) | 9.4 (1.5) | 8.5 (1.2) | 8.5 (1.2) |
Glucose (mg/dL), mean (SD) | 175.7 (56.4) | 174.7 (55.9) | 205.9 (69.0) | 203.5 (67.8) | 180.2 (59.5) | 179.0 (58.7) |
Hgb glycation index (unitless), mean (SD) | − 0.07 (0.9) | − 0.08 (1.0) | 0.8 (1.4) | 0.8 (1.4) | 0.06 (1.1) | 0.05 (1.1) |
Total cholesterol (mg/dL), mean (SD) | 183.3 (41.6) | 183.3 (42.1) | 184.7 (52.7) | 181.6 (40.4) | 183.5 (43.5) | 183.1 (41.8) |
Triglycerides (mg/dL), mean (SD) | 189.4 (148.6) | 190.9 (148.2) | 222.8 (351.8) | 200.8 (161.8) | 194.4 (193.5) | 192.4 (150.3) |
LDL cholesterol (mg/dL), mean (SD) | 104.9 (33.8) | 104.9 (34.0) | 108.2 (34.0) | 107.0 (30.9) | 105.4 (33.9) | 105.2 (33.6) |
HDL cholesterol (mg/dL), mean (SD) | 41.9 (11.5) | 41.8 (11.8) | 35.8 (10.4) | 36.2 (9.9) | 41.0 (11.5) | 41.0 (11.7) |
Creatinine (mg/dL), mean (SD) | 0.9 (0.2) | 0.9 (0.2) | 1.0 (0.2) | 1.0 (0.2) | 0.9 (0.2) | 0.9 (0.2) |
eGFR (mL/min/1.73m2), mean (SD) | 91.3 (28.4) | 90.8 (25.8) | 87.5 (22.6) | 87.3 (24.2) | 90.7 (27.7) | 90.3 (25.6) |
ALT (mg/dL), mean (SD) | 27.7 (14.9) | 27.5 (17.4) | 31.9 (17.4) | 30.8 (15.2) | 28.3 (15.3) | 28.0 (17.1) |
SBP (mmHg), mean (SD) | 136.5 (17.2) | 136.2 (17.0) | 131.8 (16.8) | 131.4 (16.6) | 135.8 (17.2) | 135.5 (17.1) |
DBP (mmHg), mean (SD) | 75.0 (10.7) | 74.8 (10.7) | 76.1 (10.2) | 76.0 (10.4) | 75.2 (10.6) | 75.0 (10.6) |
BMI (kg/m2), mean (SD) | 32.2 (5.4) | 32.2 (5.4) | 31.2 (4.4) | 31.3 (4.4) | 32.1 (5.3) | 32.1 (5.3) |
Diabetes duration (years), mean (SD) | 10.9 (7.6) | 10.7 (7.6) | 11.5 (7.2) | 11.5 (7.8) | 11.0 (7.6) | 10.9 (7.6) |
Insulin use, n (%) | 1832 (35.8) | 1750 (34.1) | 467 (51.9) | 466 (52.2) | 2299 (38.2) | 2216 (36.8) |
Sulfonylurea use, n (%) | 2707 (52.9) | 2767 (54.0) | 561 (62.4) | 529 (59.3) | 3268 (54.3) | 3296 (54.8) |
Metformin use, n (%) | 3285 (64.1) | 3269 (63.7) | 632 (70.3) | 605 (67.8) | 3917 (65.1) | 3874 (64.4) |
Glinide use, n (%) | 131 (2.6) | 126 (2.5) | 4 (0.4) | 5 (0.6) | 135 (2.2) | 131 (2.2) |
Acarbose use, n (%) | 45 (0.9) | 50 (1.0) | 16 (1.8) | 20 (2.2) | 61 (1.0) | 70 (1.2) |
Thiazolidinedione use, n (%) | 1125 (22.0) | 1133 (22.1) | 171 (19.0) | 166 (18.6) | 1296 (21.5) | 1299 (21.6) |
History of amputation, n (%) | 106 (2.1) | 111 (2.2) | 27 (3.0) | 28 (3.1) | 133 (2.2) | 139 (2.3) |
History of eye surgery, n (%) | 1169 (22.9) | 1119 (21.9) | 150 (18.3) | 152 (18.9) | 1319 (22.3) | 1271 (21.5) |
Current smoker, n (%) | 607 (11.8) | 640 (12.5) | 145 (16.2) | 154 (17.3) | 752 (12.5) | 794 (13.2) |
History of MI, n (%) | 803 (15.7) | 787 (15.3) | 170 (19.0) | 166 (18.6) | 973 (16.2) | 953 (15.8) |
History of stroke, n (%) | 325 (6.3) | 305 (5.9) | 41 (4.6) | 56 (6.3) | 366 (6.1) | 361 (6.0) |
History of CHF, n (%) | 245 (4.8) | 249 (4.9) | 48 (5.3) | 61 (6.8) | 293 (4.9) | 310 (5.2) |
History of angina, n (%) | 560 (10.9) | 608 (11.9) | 166 (18.5) | 167 (18.7) | 726 (12.1) | 775 (12.9) |
Prior coronary revascularization, n (%) | 556 (10.9) | 615 (12.0) | 183 (20.4) | 182 (20.4) | 739 (12.3) | 797 (13.2) |