Table 1 Clinical baseline characteristics of controls and patients randomized to liraglutide or lifestyle induced weight-loss intervention
Variable | Controls (n = 13) | Pre-liraglutide (n = 20) | Pre-lifestyle (n = 20) | Pre-liraglutide vs. pre-lifestyle p-value | Controls vs. pre-liraglutide | Controls vs. pre-lifestyle |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 66.0 (58–69) | 55 (48–63) | 52 (50–57) | 0.481 | 0.010 | 0.005 |
Gender (male), n (%) | 7 (53) | 11 (55) | 10 (50) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 22.8 (21.5–26.6) | 36.7 (34.7–40.9) | 35.0 (31.3–40.3) | 0.244 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
Weight (kg) | 78.0 (61.5–86.0) | 109 (95–115) | 96 (86–106) | 0.056 | < 0.001 | 0.001 |
Type 2 diabetes, n (%) | 0 (0) | 10(50) | 7(35) | 0.523 | 0.002 | 0.027 |
Waist (cm) | NA | 116.5 (112.0–128.5) | 110.0 (100.4–119.2) | 0.040 | – | – |
WHR | NA | 0.97 (0.92–1.04) | 0.9 (0.9–1) | 0.321 | – | – |
Systolic BP (mmHg) | NA | 144.5 (130–153) | 134.0 (122.2–143.2) | 0.144 | – | – |
Diastolic BP (mmHg) | NA | 83.0 (78.0–87.5) | 80.0 (70.0–83.7) | 0.315 | – | – |
Hypertension, n (%) | NA | 17 (85) | 12 (60) | 0.155 | – | – |
Dyslipidemia, n (%) | NA | 9 (45) | 10 (50) | 1.00 | – | – |
CVD, n (%) | NA | 1 (5) | 5 (25) | 0.182 | – | – |
Previous MI, or revascularization, n (%) | NA | 0 (0) | 1(5) | 1.00 | – | – |
Previous TIA/stroke, or revascularization, n (%) | NA | 1 (5) | 1 (5) | 1.00 | – | – |
PAD, n (%) | NA | 1 (5) | 0(0) | 1.00 | – | – |
Carotid stenosis, n (%) | NA | 0 (0) | 4 (20) | 0.106 | – | – |
Microvascular disease, n (%) | NA | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | – | – | – |
Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 5.2 (4.6–6.3) | 4.4 (3.6–5.0) | 4.4 (3.8–4.6) | 0.337 | 0.024 | 0.003 |
LDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 2.79 (2.56–3.15) | 2.45 (1.76–3.26) | 2.58 (1.99–3.00) | 0.715 | 0.144 | 0.187 |
HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.8 (1.7–2.3) | 1.2 (1.0–1.4) | 1.1 (1.0–1.4) | 0.668 | 0.001 | < 0.001 |
Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.00 (0.60–1.38) | 1.4 (0.9–2.2) | 1.0 (0.8–1.3) | 0.026 | 0.024 | 0.490 |
Amylase (U/L) | NA | 56.5 (53.5–70.75) | 62.5 (52.5–77.2) | 0.583 | – | – |
Lipase (U/L) | NA | 105.0 (66.2–117.5) | 134.5 (66.5–173.2) | 0.149 | – | – |
Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/L) | NA | 5.2 (4.9–5.9) | 5.3 (5.0–5.7) | 0.989 | – | – |
HbA1c (%) | 5.5 (5.3–5.6) | 5.95 (5.62–6.70) | 6.1 (5.6–6.5) | 0.862 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 37 (34–38) | 42 (38–50) | 43 (38–48) | 0.862 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
Fasting plasma insulin (uU/ml) | – | 13.35 (9.62–20.92) | 10.7 (7.5–21.7) | 0.394 | – | – |
Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.82 (0.71–1.06) | 0.70(0.63–0.81) | 0.8 (0.7–0.9) | 0.089 | 0.064 | 0.755 |
hs-C-reactive protein (mg/dL)a | 1.15 (0.81–2.68) | 0.45 (0.27–0.86) | 0.3 (0.1–0.5) | 0.354 | – | – |
AST (U/L) | 27.0 (22.8–32.5) | 29.0 (24.2–39) | 33.0 (27.5–43.5) | 0.316 | 0.302 | 0.054 |
ALT (U/L) | 24.0 (16.3–27.8) | 41.0 (36.2–46.5) | 50.0 (33.2–66.5) | 0.394 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
Metformin, n (%) | NA | 20(100) | 20 (100) | 1.00 | – | – |
ACE-I, n (%) | NA | 4 (20) | 3 (15) | 1.00 | – | – |
ARBs, n (%) | NA | 7 (35) | 6 (30) | 1.00 | – | – |
Diuretics, n (%) | NA | 7 (35) | 5 (25) | 0.731 | – | – |
B-block, n (%) | NA | 7(35) | 4 (20) | 0.480 | – | – |
CCA, n (%) | NA | 0 (0) | 1 (5) | 1.00 | – | – |
Statins, n (%) | NA | 2 (10) | 5 (25) | 0.407 | – | – |
Fibrates, n (%) | NA | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | – | – | – |
Omega 3, n (%) | NA | 1 (5) | 0 (0) | 1.00 | – | – |
Proton pump inhibitors, n (%) | NA | 3 (15) | 3 (15) | 1.00 | – | – |
ASA, n (%) | NA | 1 (5) | 3 (15) | 0.605 | – | – |
SAT (cm2) | NA | 434.1 (317.9–527.2) | 374.9 (254.2–455.3) | 0.311 | – | – |
VAT (cm2) | NA | 324.2 (257.0–386.9) | 254.5 (180.2–318.9) | 0.046 | – | – |
sST2 (ng/mL) | 11.5 (9.3–16.1) | 15.01 (10.46–16.73) | 10.62 (9.20–12.76) | 0.008 | 0.161 | 0.347 |
Gal-3 (ng/mL) | 1.69 (1.35–2.27) | 2.97 (1.88–3.98) | 3.15 (2.66–4.43) | 0.461 | 0.004 | < 0.001 |