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Table 2 Reactions of substrates complete oxidation

From: Empagliflozin does not reverse lipotoxicity-induced impairment in human myeloid angiogenic cell bioenergetics

Metabolic substrates in the culture medium

Reaction of oxidation

Max H+/O2

Glucose (5.5 mM)

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O

6CO2 + 6H2O → 6HC \({\text{O}}_{3}^{ - }\) + 6 \({\mathbf{H}}^{ + }\)

1.00

Glutamine (5.5 mM)

C5H10N2O3 + 4,5O2 → 5CO2 + 2H2O + 2NH3

5CO2 + 2NH3 + 5H2O → 5HC \({\text{O}}_{3}^{ - }\) + 2 N \({\text{H}}_{4}^{ + }\) + 3 \({\mathbf{H}}^{ + }\)

0.67

Pyruvate (0.37 mM)

C3H3 \({\text{O}}_{3}^{ - }\) + \({\mathbf{H}}^{ + }\) + 2,5O2 → 3CO2 + 2H2O

3CO2 + 3H2O → 3HC \({\text{O}}_{3}^{ - }\) + 3 \({\mathbf{H}}^{ + }\)

0.80

Stearic Acid (100 µM)

C18H35 \({\text{O}}_{2}^{ - }\) + \({\mathbf{H}}^{ + }\) + 26O2 → 18CO2 + 18H2O

18CO2 + 18H2O → 18HC \({\text{O}}_{3}^{ - }\) + 18 \({\mathbf{H}}^{ + }\)

0.65