Fig. 1

Mito Stress Test and respiration parameters. Mito Stress Test was assessed in MAC pre-treated with empagliflozin (EMPA) 100 µM for 1 h followed by 3 h of 100 µM SA incubation (a); cell respiration parameters were calculated (b), following the equations reported in Table 1. Metabolic stressors (2 μM FCCP; 1 μM Rot/Ant A) were sequentially injected. All OCR data were normalized to 6 × 10⁴ cells and expressed as mean ± SEM from 6 independent experiments (*p < 0.05 vs Ctrl) (**p < 0.01 vs Ctrl). Ctrl = control culture condition; SA = stearate; Empa = empagliflozin FCCP = carbonyl cyanide 4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenylhydrazone; Rot/Ant A = rotenone + antimycin A