Table 1 Demographic and clinical data of subjects in different groups

Male (%)

53.3

54.5

62.7

Age (years)

60.63 ± 8.08

60.85 ± 13.91

64.53 ± 9.98

BMI (kg/m²)

25.76 ± 2.72

25.21 ± 2.40

24.85 ± 2.95

Waist circumference (cm)

86.83 ± 5.98

86.55 ± 7.31

86.49 ± 8.86

Smoking, current/past (%)

26.7

45.5

66.7^a

Duration of DM (years)

–

8(3–14)

13(4.5–20)

Oral hypoglycemic agents (%)

–

97.0

98.0

Insulin (%)

–

90.9

82.4

Statins (%)

–

60.6

94.1^b

Antiplatelet drugs (%)

–

21.2

92.2^b

Antihypertensives (%)

26.7

15.2

66.7^ab

ABI

1.08 ± 0.05

1.09 ± 0.08

0.67 ± 0.29^ab

TBI

0.79 (0.69–0.85)

0.70 (0.69–0.80)

0.35 (0.24–0.56)^ab

SBP (mmHg)

118.20 ± 9.00

134.03 ± 19.87^a

141.35 ± 23.75^a

DBP (mmHg)

91.63 ± 9.13

74.00 ± 10.96^a

71.76 ± 11.66^a

HbA1c (%)

5.71 (5.30–6.01)

8.90 (7.60–11.60)^a

8.50 (7.05–9.95)^a

FPG (mmol/L)

4.95 (4.51–5.28)

8.80 (6.90–11.70)^a

7.80 (6.60–9.25)^a

TC (mmol/L)

5.03 (4.13–5.53)

4.61 (3.95–5.19)

3.93 (3.29–4.93)^a

TG (mmol/L)

0.98 (0.71–1.34)

1.40 (1.06–2.15)^a

1.37 (1.15–1.86)^a

HDL-C (mmol/L)

1.52 (1.29–1.76)

1.12 (0.96–1.28)^a

0.92 (0.81–1.17)^a

LDL-C (mmol/L)

3.01 (2.67–3.39)

2.87 (2.54–3.38)

2.53 (2.05–3.15)^a

hs-CRP (mg/L)

0.47 (0.16–1.03)

0.50 (0.50–1.22)

7.19 (0.53–21.75)^ab

Asprosin (ng/mL)

158.50 (139.18–180.75)

173.72 (158.75–213.57)

218.14 (184.23–305.65)^ab