Association of healthy lifestyle including a healthy sleep pattern with incident type 2 diabetes mellitus among individuals with hypertension

Table 3 Stratified analysis of the association of T2DM incidence with per 1-number increment in low-risk lifestyle factors

Categories	Cases	Hypertension		Normotension
Categories	Cases	HR (95% CI)^a	p for interaction^b	HR^a (95% CI)	p for interaction
Age, year			< 0.0001		0.0542
≤ 55	2061	0.66(0.62–0.69)		0.64(0.59–0.69)
56–65	2980	0.69(0.67–0.72)		0.63(0.58–0.68)
≥ 65	1934	0.76(0.72–0.80)		0.71(0.64–0.79)
p_trend value		< 0.0001		< 0.0001
Sex			0.3929		0.0042
Female	2957	0.71(0.68–0.75)		0.60(0.55–0.65)
Male	4018	0.70(0.67–0.72)		0.69(0.64–0.74)
Education			0.5461		0.6715
Vocational	599	0.65(0.59–0.71)		0.64(0.54–0.77)
Lower secondary	1697	0.68(0.65–0.72)		0.64(0.58–0.71)
Upper secondary	545	0.78(0.71–0.86)		0.63(0.54–0.74)
Higher	1677	0.70(0.67–0.74)		0.66(0.60–0.71)
None of the above	2149	0.71(0.68–0.75)		0.66(0.59–0.73)
p_trend value		< 0.0001		< 0.0001
Socioeconomic status			0.5976		0.0935
1 (least deprived)	978	0.69(0.64–0.73)		0.70(0.62–0.79)
2–4	3860	0.72(0.69–0.74)		0.65(0.61–0.69)
5 (most deprived)	2130	0.68(0.65–0.72)		0.63(0.57–0.69)
p_trend value		< 0.0001		< 0.0001
Family history of T2DM			0.0086		0.1108
No	4947	0.69(0.67–0.71)		0.63(0.59–0.67)
Yes	2028	0.74 (0.71–0.78)		0.69(0.63–0.75)
Family history of hypertension			0.4169		0.7651
No	4542	0.70 (0.67–0.72)		0.65(0.61–0.69)
Yes	2433	0.71 (0.68–0.75)		0.64 (0.58–0.71)

T2DM Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, HR hazard ratio, CI confidence interval
Low-risk lifestyle factors: BMI of ≤ 24.9 kg/m²; moderate alcohol consumption (0 to 15 g/day for women and 0 to 28 g/day for men). nonsmoking; moderate to vigorous physical activity ($150 min/week), high-quality diet (top two-fifths of healthy diet score), and healthy sleep pattern (top two-fifths of healthy diet score)
^aHazard ratios (95% CI) were adjusted for age, sex, education, socioeconomic status quintile, family history of T2DM and hypertension
^bp for interaction calculated using multiplicative interaction terms and application of the likelihood ratio test

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