Table 1 Characteristics of the included cases and controls

Age (years)

 < 60

526 (19.8)

2112 (19.9)

NA

NA

 60–69

570 (21.5)

2283 (21.5)

NA

NA

 70–79

872 (32.9)

3500 (33.0)

NA

NA

 80 + 

685 (25.8)

2717 (25.6)

NA

NA

Sex

 Male

1245 (46.9)

4980 (46.9)

NA

NA

 Female

1408 (53.1)

5632 (53.1)

NA

NA

BMI (kg/m²)

 < 18.5

23 (0.9)

81 (0.8)

1.42 (0.93–2.18)

1.30 (0.82–2.07)

 18.5 to < 25.0

340 (12.8)

1779 (16.8)

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

 25.0 to < 30.0

770 (29.0)

3705 (34.9)

1.12 (0.99–1.28)

1.15 (1.01–1.31)

 30.0 to < 35.0

742 (28.0)

2823 (26.6)

1.47 (1.28–1.68)

1.46 (1.28–1.67)

 35.0 to < 40.0

371 (14.0)

1208 (11.4)

1.80 (1.54–2.11)

1.72 (1.47–2.02)

 ≥ 40.0

343 (12.9)

749 (7.1)

2.82 (2.39–3.34)

2.65 (2.24–3.15)

 Unknown

64 (2.4)

267 (2.5)

1.26 (0.96–1.67)

1.30 (0.95–1.79)

Smoking status

 Non-smoker

1001 (37.7)

4301 (40.5)

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

 Current smoker

304 (11.5)

1257 (11.9)

1.04 (0.91–1.19)

1.00 (0.87–1.14)

 Ex-smoker

1312 (49.5)

4908 (46.3)

1.16 (1.07–1.27)

1.05 (0.96–1.15)

 Unknown

36 (1.4)

146 (1.4)

1.04 (0.74–1.47)

1.04 (0.71–1.54)

No. of HbA1c measurements in the medical history before the index date

 1–4

946 (35.7)

4006 (37.8)

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

 5–9

1087 (41.0)

4375 (41.2)

1.06 (0.96–1.19)

1.06 (0.95–1.19)

 10 or more

365 (13.8)

1343 (12.7)

1.19 (1.02–1.40)

1.06 (0.90–1.26)

 No Recording

255 (9.6)

886 (8.4)

1.26 (1.06–1.50)

1.30 (1.08–1.55)

Comorbidities

 Inflammatory bowel disease

107 (4.0)

204 (1.9)

2.17 (1.76–2.66)

1.82 (1.47–2.25)

 Chronic renal failure

223 (8.4)

626 (5.9)

1.51 (1.31–1.75)

1.26 (1.08–1.46)

 Diabetic retinopathy

835 (31.5)

3090 (29.1)

1.17 (1.07–1.29)

1.20 (1.08–1.32)

 Asthma

564 (21.3)

1718 (16.2)

1.41 (1.29–1.55)

1.04 (0.93–1.15)

 Congestive heart failure (CHF)

315 (11.9)

712 (6.7)

1.93 (1.71–2.19)

1.53 (1.34–1.76)

 Ischemic heart disease (IHD)

690 (26.0)

2189 (20.6)

1.38 (1.26–1.51)

1.21 (1.08–1.35)

 Myocardial infarction (MI)

293 (11.0)

996 (9.4)

1.21 (1.07–1.37)

0.93 (0.80–1.07)

 Stroke

358 (13.5)

1220 (11.5)

1.21 (1.08–1.35)

1.19 (1.05–1.34)

 Arterial hypertension

1697 (60.4)

6866 (64.7)

0.97 (0.89–1.05)

0.93 (0.85–1.01)

 Peripheral arterial disease

139 (5.2)

340 (3.2)

1.68 (1.41–2.01)

1.52 (1.26–1.84)

 Osteoarthritis

985 (37.1)

3057 (28.8)

1.52 (1.40–1.65)

1.37 (1.25–1.50)

 Rheumatoid arthritis

94 (3.5)

226 (2.1)

1.69 (1.37–2.08)

1.29 (1.03–1.62)

 Hyperlipidemia

657 (24.8)

2640 (24.9)

0.99 (0.91–1.09)

0.91 (0.83–1.00)

 Cardiovascular disease

2033 (76.6)

7916 (74.6)

1.14 (1.03–1.25)

1.05 (0.90–1.24)

Co-medication **

 Insulin

345 (13.0)

820 (7.7)

1.93 (1.67–2.23)

1.63 (1.38–1.92)

 Glitazones

367 (13.8)

1227 (11.6)

1.28 (1.12–1.47)

1.09 (0.94–1.26)

 Sulfonylurea

1009 (38.0)

3651 (34.4)

1.22 (1.10–1.34)

1.12 (0.99–1.26)

 Metformin

1621 (61.1)

6537 (61.6)

0.97 (0.88–1.07)

0.64 (0.41–1.01)

 GLP1

81 (3.1)

240 (2.3)

1.44 (1.09–1.90)

0.94 (0.70–1.27)

 DPP4

224 (8.4)

926 (8.7)

0.96 (0.81–1.13)

0.84 (0.71–1.00)

 SGLT2

43 (1.6)

170 (1.6)

1.01 (0.71–1.46)

0.99 (0.68–1.44)

 All oral antidiabetics

1814 (68.4)

7142 (67.3)

1.06 (0.96–1.17)

1.17 (0.95–1.43)

 Statins

1941 (73.2)

8077 (76.1)

0.81 (0.72–0.91)

0.74 (0.66–0.84)

 Bisphosphonates

340 (12.8)

850 (8.0)

1.79 (1.55–2.06)

1.49 (1.28–1.74)

 Contraceptive pill

53 (2.0)

263 (2.5)

0.72 (0.50–1.03)

0.77 (0.53–1.12)

 Hormone replacement therapy

392 (14.8)

1626 (15.3)

0.94 (0.82–1.09)

0.89 (0.77–1.03)

 Corticosteroids (systemic)

975 (36.8)

2612 (24.6)

1.84 (1.67–2.02)

1.55 (1.40–1.71)

 Coronary vasodilators

888 (33.5)

2797 (26.4)

1.43 (1.30–1.57)

1.22 (1.07–1.39)

 Low dose acetylsalicylic acid

1556 (58.7)

5991 (56.5)

1.11 (1.01–1.22)

0.95 (0.86–1.06)

 Loop diuretics

1152 (43.4)

2875 (27.1)

2.24 (2.04–2.46)

1.69 (1.52–1.88)

 All diuretics

1854 (69.9)

6323 (59.6)

1.73 (1.56–1.91)

1.52 (1.36–1.70)