Table 1 Baseline characteristics (N = 21)
Age (years) | 66.8 (9.6) |
Female | 6 (28.6%) |
BMI (kg/m2) | 30.1 (4.5) |
Smoking | |
Previous | 10 (48%) |
Current | 3 (14%) |
HbA1c (%) | 6.8 (0.5) |
HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 51.0 (4.8) |
FPG (mmol/L) | 7.5 (1.8) |
Insulin treatment | 21 (100%) |
Basal | 11 (52%) |
Basal/bolus | 5 (24%) |
Insulin mix | 4 (19%) |
Insulin mix/bolus | 1 (5%) |
Daily insulin dose (IU) | 40 (25–58) |
Oral glucose-lowering drugs | 13 (62%) |
Metformin | 10 (48%) |
SGLT2i | 4 (19%) |
DDP-4i | 3 (14%) |
Diabetes duration (years) | 18.2 (7.9) |
Impaired awareness | 6 (28.6%) |
Microvascular complications | |
Neuropathy | 18 (86%) |
Retinopathy | 7 (33%) |
Nephropathy | 9 (43%) |
Macrovascular complications | |
Coronary artery disease | 2 (10%) |
Cerebrovascular disease | 1 (5%) |
Peripheral artery disease | 1 (5%) |
Hypertension | 18 (86%) |
Beta blocker | 4 (19%) |
Non-dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker | 1 (5%) |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 145 (133–148) |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 80 (75–85) |
Heart rate (bpm) | 64.3 (10.6) |
Creatinine (µmol/L) | 87 (71–109) |
Potassium (mmol/L) | 4.2 (0.4) |
Echocardiographic measures | |
Left ventricular ejection fraction (%) | 58 (7.2) |
E/e′ (average of septal and lateral) | 10.5 (2.7) |