Table 1 Clinical and demographic characteristics at baseline of 1565 VADT participants included in present study by quartiles of baseline C-peptide levels

Median [Range] (nmol/l)

0.26 [0.01–0.45]

0.60 [0.46–0.73]

0.87 [0.74–1.06]

1.36 [1.07–4.88]

Age (years)

60 ± 9

61 ± 8

60 ± 9

60 ± 8

Male sex (%)

97%

97%

97%

99%

Race/ethnicity

 Caucasian (%)

54%

55%

67%*

73%*

 African American (%)

24%

21%

15%*

7%*

 Hispanic (%)

17%

19%

15%

14%

 Other (%)

5%

5%

3%

6%

Prior CVD (%)

35%

39%

44%*

45%*

History of Hypertension (%)

68%

73%

75%*

76%*

Body Mass Index (kg/m²)

30.1 ± 4.7

30.7 ± 4.3*

31.5 ± 4.3*

32.8 ± 4.3*

Systolic BP (mmHg)

131 ± 17

132 ± 16

134 ± 17*

130 ± 16

Diastolic BP (mmHg)

75 ± 10

76 ± 10

77 ± 10*

76 ± 10

Current smoker (%)

17%

15%

13%

19%*

Diabetes duration (years)

14 ± 8

12 ± 7*

11 ± 7*

9 ± 6*

Hemoglobin A_1c (%)

9.6 ± 1.6

9.4 ± 1.5*

9.4 ± 1.5

9.3 ± 1.3*

Hemoglobin A_1c (mmol/mol)

81 ± 18

79 ± 17*

79 ± 17

78 ± 14*

Fasting Glucose (mmol/l)

11.2 ± 4.2

11.4 ± 3.5*

11.6 ± 3.9*

11.1 ± 3.4

Insulin use (%)

78%

49%*

41%*

32%*

Metformin use (%)

73%

78%

82%*

88%*

Sulphonylureas use (%)

36%

41%

44%*

44%*

Rosiglitazone use (%)

89%

86%

83%*

84%

Total cholesterol (mmol/l)

4.7 ± 1.0

4.8 ± 1.6

4.8 ± 1.1

4.8 ± 1.2

LDL cholesterol (mmol/l)

2.9 ± 0.8

2.8 ± 0.8

2.8 ± 0.8*

2.7 ± 0.8*

HDL cholesterol (mmol/l)

1.05 ± 0.31

0.96 ± 0.26*

0.88 ± 0.22*

0.82 ± 20*

Triglycerides (mmol/l)

1.5 ± 0.7

1.8 ± 0.8*

2.1 ± 0.9*

2.3 ± 0.9*

Lipid-lowering drugs (%)

64%

68%

66%

70%

eGFR (ml/min/1.73m²)

83 ± 20

84 ± 21

82 ± 21

79 ± 24*

UKPDS risk score

0.020 ± 0.019

0.023 ± 0.023

0.027 ± 0.022*

0.032 ± 0.030*

Charlson Comorbidity Index

2.30 ± 0.27

2.32 ± 0.23

2.30 ± 0.28

2.28 ± 0.28