Table 1 Characteristics of patients among the non-MACE and MACE group
Characteristics | Total (n = 10,251) | Non-MACE(n = 8425) | MACE (n = 1826) | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Age, (years) | 62.81 (SD: 6.65) | 62.52 (SD: 6.51) | 64.15 (SD: 7.13) |  < 0.001 |
Sex (%) |  |  |  |  < 0.001 |
 Female | 3952 (38.55) | 3389 (40.23) | 563 (30.83) |  |
 Male | 6299 (61.45) | 5036 (59.77) | 1263 (61.45) |  |
Living alone | 8171 (79.72) | 6735 (79.96) | 1436 (78.64) | 0.211 |
Race/ethnicity, n (%) |  |  |  |  < 0.001 |
 White | 6393 (62.36) | 5128 (60.87) | 1265 (69.28) |  |
 Non-white | 3858 (37.64) | 3297 (39.13) | 561 (30.72) |  |
Education, n (%) | Â | Â | Â | 0.002 |
 Less than high school | 1521 (14.85) | 1214 (14.42) | 307 (16.84) |  |
 High school graduate or GED | 2704 (26.40) | 2223 (26.40) | 481 (26.39) |  |
 Some college | 3357 (32.77) | 2740 (32.54) | 617 (33.85) |  |
 College degree or higher | 2662 (25.99) | 2244 (26.65) | 418 (22.93) |  |
Previous cardiovascular event, n (%) | 3609 (35.21) | 2640 (31.34) | 969 (53.07) |  < 0.001 |
Previous congestive heart failure, n (%) | 494 (4.82) | 327 (3.88) | 167 (9.15) |  < 0.001 |
Previous hyperlipidemia, n (%) | 7165 (69.90) | 5862 (69.58) | 1303 (71.36) | 0.136 |
Previous hypertension, n (%) | 7726 (75.37) | 6301 (74.79) | 1425 (78.04) | 0.003 |
Cigarette-smoking status, n (%) |  |  |  |  < 0.001 |
 Current | 1429 (13.94) | 1146 (13.60) | 283 (15.50) |  |
 Former | 4540 (44.29) | 3664 (43.49) | 876 (47.97) |  |
 Never | 4282 (41.77) | 3615 (42.91) | 667 (36.53) |  |
Weight (kg) | 93.51 (SD: 18.41) | 93.28 (SD: 18.40) | 94.58 (SD: 18.40) | 0.006 |
Body mass index (kg/cm2) | 32.22 (SD: 5.40) | 32.21 (SD: 5.41) | 32.28 (SD: 5.37) | 0.625 |
Blood pressure (mmHg) | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Systolic | 136.36 (SD: 17.11) | 136.00 (SD: 16.88) | 138.02 (SD: 18.04) |  < 0.001 |
 Diastolic | 74.88 (SD: 10.66) | 75.14 (SD: 10.48) | 73.70 (SD: 11.37) |  < 0.001 |
Medications, n (%) | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Insulin | 3260 (31.80) | 2559 (30.37) | 701 (38.39) |  < 0.001 |
 Metformin | 6554 (63.94) | 5467 (64.90) | 1087 (59.53) |  < 0.001 |
 Any sulfonylurea | 5474 (53.40) | 4530 (53.77) | 944 (51.70) | 0.109 |
 Any thiazolidinedione | 2258 (22.03) | 1912 (22.70) | 346 (18.95) |  < 0.001 |
 ACEI/ARB | 7102 (69.28) | 5835 (69.26) | 1267 (69.39) | 0.933 |
 Aspirin | 5579 (54.68) | 4538 (54.12) | 1041 (57.26) | 0.016 |
 Statin | 6500 (63.66) | 5314 (63.33) | 1186 (65.16) | 0.147 |
 Cholesterol absorption inhibitors | 207 (2.03) | 169 (2.02) | 38 (2.09) | 0.854 |
 Niacin and nicotinic acid | 183 (1.79) | 142 (1.69) | 41 (2.26) | 0.118 |
Duration of diabetes (years) | 10.80 (SD: 7.60) | 10.50 (SD: 7.42) | 12.18 (SD: 8.21) |  < 0.001 |
Glycated hemoglobin (%) | 8.30 (SD: 1.06) | 8.28 (SD: 1.05) | 8.41 (SD: 1.09) |  < 0.001 |
Fasting plasma glucose (mg/dL) | 175.19 (SD: 56.17) | 174.04 (SD: 55.31) | 180.51 (SD: 59.72) |  < 0.001 |
Serum creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.91 (SD: 0.23) | 0.90 (SD: 0.23) | 0.97 (SD: 0.25) |  < 0.001 |
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) |  |  |  |  < 0.001 |
 30–49 mL/min/1.73 m2 | 271 (2.64) | 192 (2.28) | 79 (4.33) |  |
 > 50 mL/min/1.73 m2 | 9980 (97.36) | 8233 (97.72) | 1747 (95.67) |  |
Plasma triglycerides (mmol/L) | 2.13 (SD: 1.68) | 2.11 (SD: 1.65) | 2.26 (SD: 1.81) | 0.001 |
Total plasma cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.71 (SD: 1.13) | 4.71 (SD: 1.12) | 4.76 (SD: 1.19) | 0.059 |
Plasma LDL-C (mmol/L) | 2.70 (SD: 0.90) | 2.69 (SD: 0.89) | 2.74 (SD: 0.94) | 0.024 |
Plasma HDL-C (mmol/L) | 1.08 (SD: 0.31) | 1.09 (SD: 0.31) | 1.03 (SD: 0.31) |  < 0.001 |
Atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) | 0.54 (SD: 0.75) | 0.51 (SD: 0.75) | 0.64 (SD: 0.74) |  < 0.001 |