Table 1 Baseline characteristics according to diabetic status
Variable | Level | Patients without diabetes (n = 310) | Patients with diabetes (n = 217) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 71.9 [68.5–78.1] | 73.5 [69.0–79.0] | 0.064 | |
Male gender | 235 (75.8%) | 157 (72.4%) | 0.37 | |
Smoking status | Never | 102 (32.9%) | 76 (35.0%) | 0.90 |
Ex | 177 (57.1%) | 123 (56.7%) | ||
Current | 28 (9.0%) | 16 (7.4%) | ||
Missing | 3 (1.0%) | 2 (0.9%) | ||
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 27.3 [25.0–29.9] | 29.7 [26.5–33.9] | < 0.001 | |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 139.0 [124.0–154.0] | 141.0 (132.0–157.0] | 0.013 | |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 79.0 [72.0–86.0] | 77.0 (71.0–84.0] | 0.097 | |
Heart rate (pm) | 59.0 [54.0–65.0] | 64.0 (57.0–70.0] | < 0.001 | |
Number of shuttles completed (shuttle-walk test) | 54 [35–71] | 44 [26–61] | < 0.001 | |
Comorbidities | ||||
Coronary artery disease | 278 (89.7%) | 101 (46.5%) | < 0.001 | |
Myocardial infarction | 163 (58.6%) | 51 (50.0%) | 0.13 | |
PCI | 196 (70.5%) | 69 (67.6%) | 0.59 | |
CABG | 97 (34.9%) | 39 (38.2%) | 0.55 | |
Hypertension | 211 (68.1%) | 202 (93.1%) | < 0.001 | |
Stroke/TIA | 14 (4.5%) | 14 (6.5%) | 0.33 | |
COPD | 22 (7.1%) | 11 (5.1%) | 0.34 | |
Medication | ||||
Antiplatelet therapy | 267 (86.1%) | 147 (67.7%) | < 0.001 | |
Beta blocker | 239 (77.1%) | 127 (58.5%) | < 0.001 | |
ACE-inhibitor | 157 (50.6%) | 118 (54.4%) | 0.40 | |
Angiotensin receptor blocker | 77 (24.8%) | 68 (31.3%) | 0.10 | |
Calcium channel blocker | 56 (18.1%) | 54 (24.9%) | 0.058 | |
Thiazides | 33 (10.6%) | 54 (24.9%) | < 0.001 | |
Statin/lipid lowering drug | 269 (86.8%) | 166 (76.5%) | 0.002 | |
Insulin | 0 (0.0%) | 38 (17.5%) | < 0.001 | |
Metformin | 0 (0.0%) | 176 (81.1%) | < 0.001 | |
Sulfunylureas | 0 (0.0%) | 41 (18.9%) | < 0.001 | |
DPP4-inhibitor | 0 (0.0%) | 33 (15.2%) | < 0.001 | |
Echocardiography | ||||
Left ventricular ejection fraction (%) | 62.8 [56.5–66.0] | 63.1 [59.2–66.9] | 0.35 | |
Left ventricular mass (g/m2) | 91.0 [78.5–109.9] | 99.0 [84.2–114.1] | 0.005 | |
Left ventricular hypertrophy | 106 (34.2%) | 87 (40.1%) | 0.17 | |
Left atrial volume (g/m2) | 30.8 [26.0–36.5] | 29.4 [25.1–35.6] | 0.32 | |
E/e′ ratio | 8.9 [6.9–11.1] | 10.1 [8.3–12.0] | < 0.001 | |
E/A ratio | 0.8 [0.7–1.0] | 0.8 [0.7–1.0] | 0.21 | |
TAPSE (mm) | 21.4 [16.7–26.3] | 22.5 [17.5–26.8] | 0.28 | |
MAPSE (mm) | 15.5 [13.6–17.7] | 15.0 [13.1–17.4] | 0.38 | |
Laboratory | ||||
eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m2) | 72.0 [62.0–82.9] | 72.8 [59.0–86.5] | 0.75 | |
Urea (mmol/l) | 7.5 [5.6–13.2] | 10.7 [6.4–15.7] | < 0.001 | |
Haemoglobin (g/dl) | 14.2 [13.3–15.0] | 13.8 [12.8–14.7] | 0.002 | |
Sodium (mmol/l) | 140.0 [138.0–141.0] | 139.0 [137.0–141.0] | 0.052 | |
Potassium (mmol/l) | 4.3 [4.1–4.6] | 4.3 [4.0–4.5] | 0.12 | |
NT-proBNP, ng/l | 205 [129–350] | 229 [146–373] | 0.25 | |
Galectin-3, ng/ml | 15.4 [13.1–18.9] | 17.4 [14.4–20.9] | < 0.001 | |
High-sensitivity Troponin T, pg/ml | 11.6 [8.2–16.0] | 14.1 [10.3–21.1] | < 0.001 | |