Table 1 Baseline characteristics stratified by the use of baseline metformin
Variables | Metformin | No metformin | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Empagliflozin (n = 25) | Placebo (n = 28) | P value* | Empagliflozin (n = 27) | Placebo (n = 25) | P value* | |
Age (yr) | 64.6 ± 11.1 | 62.1 ± 10.1 | 0.400 | 66.3 ± 11.1 | 66.3 ± 9.3 | 0.983 |
Women | 9 (36.0) | 11 (39.3) | 1.000 | 7 (25.9) | 6 (24.0) | 1.000 |
Diabetes duration (yr) | 14.8 ± 10.1 | 12.9 ± 7.9 | 0.478 | 12.2 ± 16.2 | 13.2 ± 9.1 | 0.810 |
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 65.9 ± 10.9 | 73.0 ± 14.0 | 0.044 | 67.9 ± 13.8 | 65.1 ± 12.9 | 0.437 |
eGFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 | 7 (28.0) | 4 (14.3) | 0.313 | 8 (29.6) | 10 (40.0) | 0.562 |
History | ||||||
 Hypertension | 20 (80.0) | 19 (67.9) | 0.365 | 21 (77.8) | 17 (68.0) | 0.536 |
 Dyslipidemia | 19 (76.0) | 20 (71.4) | 0.763 | 20 (74.1) | 18 (72.0) | 1.000 |
 Cerebrovascular disease | 2 (8.0) | 6 (21.4) | 0.256 | 4 (14.8) | 9 (36.0) | 0.112 |
 Cardiovascular disease | 24 (96.0) | 24 (85.7) | 0.355 | 26 (96.3) | 20 (80.0) | 0.094 |
 Heart failure | 12 (48.0) | 12 (42.9) | 0.786 | 11 (40.7) | 7 (28.0) | 0.392 |
Medication | ||||||
 ACE inhibitor or ARB | 15 (60.0) | 17 (60.7) | 1.000 | 16 (59.3) | 21 (84.0) | 0.068 |
 Beta-blocker | 9 (36.0) | 7 (25.0) | 0.550 | 10 (37.0) | 12 (48.0) | 0.575 |
 Diuretic | 2 (8.0) | 3 (10.7) | 1.000 | 6 (22.2) | 7 (28.0) | 0.752 |
 Statin | 22 (88.0) | 18 (64.3) | 0.059 | 21 (77.8) | 18 (72.0) | 0.752 |
 Insulin | 3 (12.0) | 2 (7.1) | 0.658 | 2 (7.4) | 3 (12.0) | 0.662 |
 Sulfonylurea | 7 (28.0) | 7 (25.0) | 1.000 | 1 (3.7) | 5 (20.0) | 0.094 |
 Alpha-glucosidase inhibitor | 4 (16.0) | 6 (21.4) | 0.732 | 4 (14.8) | 2 (8.0) | 0.670 |
 Thiazolidinedione | 7 (28.0) | 10 (35.7) | 0.572 | 5 (18.5) | 3 (12.0) | 0.705 |
 DPP-4 inhibitor | 17 (68.0) | 19 (67.9) | 1.000 | 20 (74.1) | 17 (68.0) | 0.762 |