Fig. 1

Fecal microbiota diversity and composition by tertiles of plasma succinate (n = 58). L: Low succinate plasma concentration (11.6–57.3 µM); I: Intermediate succinate plasma concentration (57.3–75.3 µM); H: High succinate plasma concentration (75.4–129.8 µM). A Principal Coordinate Analysis (PCoA) plot of the first two principal coordinates at phylum and genus level, categorized by circulating succinate levels. Genus PCoA only shows PCoA analyses done using Bray–Curtis dissimilarity. Ellipses represent the 95% confidence intervals (package, vegan, R version 3.6). B Differences between the circulating succinate tertiles in fecal microbiota diversity indexes (richness Chao, Shannon, inverse of Simpson, and evenness Camargo). Kruskal–Wallis test (P < 0.05) was used to test for each pairwise comparison. C Relative abundance of the fecal microbiota at phylum (left panel) and genus level (right panel) according to circulating succinate levels. Stacked bar represented percentage abundance. The symbol (asterisk) means statistical significance differences between Low and Intermediate levels, whereas the symbol (filled circle) means statistical significance differences between low and high levels, determined by Kruskal–Wallis test, corrected for multiple comparisons FDR (P < 0.05)