Fig. 1

Odds Ratios for the association between higher insulin resistance, according to the Mcauley index (MCAi) lower quartile (Q₁) compared with upper quartiles (Q_2-4), and ECG findings. Multivariable ^a logistic regression analysis. ^aAdjusted for: Age, Sex, Origin, BMI category, Smoking category, Systolic Blood Pressure, Glycemic state, Total Cholesterol. BMI categories: Normal < 25 kg/m², Overweight, 25–29.9 kg/m², Obese, BMI ≥ 30 kg/m²; Smoking categories: current or past smoker vs never smoked; Glycemic state: normoglycemia, prediabetes, diabetes. Total cholesterol classification: Normal < 200 mg/dl, Borderline-high, 200–239 mg/dl, High ≥ 240 mg/dl