Table 1 Baseline characteristics of T2DM patients and normal controls
Variables | T2DM patients (n = 192) | Normal controls (n = 81) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
Clinical characteristics | |||
 Age, years | 61 ± 13 | 57 ± 14 | 0.05 |
 Gender (female), n (%) | 92 (48) | 44 (54) | 0.34 |
 DM duration, years | 10 (2–16) | – | – |
 Body weight, kg | 67 ± 16 | 59 ± 14 | 0.0001 |
 Body mass index | 25.4 ± 5.4 | 22.2 ± 3.8 |  < 0.0001 |
 Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 131 ± 20 | 123 ± 14 | 0.02 |
 Heart rate, bpm | 70 ± 11 | 67 ± 10 | 0.01 |
 eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 74.0 ± 24.0 | 77.8 ± 27.8 | 0.30 |
 HbA1c, % | 8.5 ± 2.0 | 5.6 ± 0.5 |  < 0.0001 |
Comorbidities, n (%) | |||
 Hypertension | 117 (61) | 7 (9) |  < 0.0001 |
 Dyslipidemia | 117 (61) | 6 (7) |  < 0.0001 |
Antidiabetic drugs, n (%) | |||
 DPP-4I | 97 (51) | – | – |
 GLP-1 RA | 28 (15) | – | – |
 SU | 42 (22) | – | – |
 α-GI | 40 (21) | – | – |
 Thiazalidine | 19 (10) | – | – |
 Metformin | 95 (49) | – | – |
 SGLT2 inhibitor | 20 (10) | – | – |
 Statin | 80 (42) | 9 (11) |  < 0.0001 |
 Calcium channel blockers | 70 (36) | 9 (11) |  < 0.0001 |
 β-blockers | 27 (14) | 6 (7) | 0.12 |
Echocardiographic parameters | |||
 LV end-diastolic volume, mL | 69.2 ± 21.8 | 73.4 ± 21.2 | 0.14 |
 LV end-systolic volume, mL | 24.2 ± 9.9 | 26.0 ± 9.1 | 0.19 |
 LVEF, % | 66 ± 5 | 66 ± 5 | 0.70 |
 LVMI, g/m2 | 81.4 ± 21.2 | 70.7 ± 19.1 | 0.0001 |
 LAVI, mL/m2 | 29.5 ± 8.5 | 26.5 ± 8.6 | 0.008 |
 E/A | 0.8 ± 0.3 | 1.1 ± 0.3 |  < 0.0001 |
 E/e’ | 10.9 ± 4.1 | 8.4 ± 2.5 |  < 0.0001 |
 Tricuspid regurgitation velocity | 1.4 ± 1.0 | 1.6 ± 1.0 | 0.1 |
 GLS | 17.6 ± 3.1 | 20.3 ± 1.9 |  < 0.0001 |