Fig. 1

Summary of existing studies on cost-effectiveness of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) versus insulin therapy. GLP-1RAs: glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists; TW: Taiwan; GDP: gross domestic product; USD: United States dollars; ICER: incremental cost-effectiveness ratio; QALY: quality-adjusted life year. (1) In 2019, the one-time per capita Taiwan’s GDP was US$25,893 and the three-time per capita Taiwan’s GDP was US$77,679. (2) This figure includes the articles summarized in Additional file 1: Table S5 expect for two published studies (Edwards et al. 2006 and Woehl et al. 2008) and our study. This is because the cost per QALY was not reported in Edwards et al.’s study (2006) and our study, and the use of exenatide was dominated by insulin glargine in Woehl et al.’s study (2008)