Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the study cohort

Male, n (%)

36 (69.2)

50 (69.4)

23 (69.7)

Age, years

56.4 ± 9.9

57.1 ± 8.5

56.9 ± 15.7

BMI, kg/m²

22.5 (20.5–24.5)

23.9 ± 2.7

24.5 ± 3.4

Systolic blood pressure, mmHg

119.2 ± 5.3

125.5 (116.0–130.0)

132.6 ± 30.9^a,b

Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg

80.0 (75.0–83.0)

78.7 ± 10.0

80.2 ± 18.2

Rest Heart rate, bmp

74.2 ± 9.9

73.6 ± 11.2

87.8 ± 11.2^a,b

Diabetes duration, years

–

6.0 (3.0–9.9)

10.0 ± 5.3^b

Diabetic status

 Fasting plasma glucose, mmol/L

–

9.2 (7.3–11.0)

7.4 (6.4–12.0)

 HbA1c, %

–

7.6 (6.6–9.0)

7.9 ± 1.2

Lipid status

 Total cholesterol, mmol/L

–

4.3 (3.6–5.1)

4.3 (3.5–5.2)

 Triglycerides, mmol/L

–

1.4 (1.0-2.2)

1.4 (1.2–2.3)

 HDL, mmol/L

–

1.1 (0.9–1.4)

1.0 ± 0.4^b

 LDL, mmol/L

–

2.4 ± 0.8

3.1 ± 2.1^b

Kidney function indices

 Creatinine, umol/L

–

70.3 ± 15.5

142.6 (121.0-200.0)^b

 eGFR, ml/min/1.732 m²

–

96.1 ± 14.5

38.2 ± 14.8^b

 Urea, mmol/L

–

5.7 (4.7–6.8)

10.0 (7.2–12.3)^b

 Uric acid, umol/L

–

321.7 ± 105.8

479.0 ± 154.4^b

Complications, n (%)

 Retinopathy

–

4 (5.6)

4 (12.1)

 Neuropathy

–

4 (5.6)

5 (15.2)

 Peripheral vascular disease

–

2 (2.8)

5 (15.2)^b

 Atrial fibrillation

–

4 (5.6)

3 (9.1)

Medications, n (%)

 Insulin

–

20 (27.8)

18 (54.5)^b

 Biguanides

–

41 (56.9)

19 (57.6)

 Sulfonylureas

–

3 (3.9)

3 (9.1)

 α-Glucosidase inhibitor

–

18 (25.0)

9 (27.3)

 GLP-1/DPP-4 inhibitor

–

5 (6.9)

4 (12.1)

 SGLT2 inhibitor

–

10 (13.9)

5 (15.2)

 Statin

–

13 (18.1)

17 (51.5)^b

 ACEI and/or ARB

–

12 (16.7)

8 (24.2)

 β-blockers

–

12(16.7)

14 (42.4)^b

 Calcium channel blocker

–

7 (9.7)

10 (13.9)^b

 Loop diuretics

–

5 (6.9)

14 (19.4)^b

 Spironolactone

–

5 (6.9)

13 (18.1)^b

 Thiazides

–

2 (2.8)

2 (2.8)