Table 2 The role of GV in diabetic macrovascular

Mean daily δ blood glucose

SMBG

160 patients with or without diabetes

Increased risk of macrovascular complications

[44]

MAGE

SMBG

204 patients with poorly controlled T2DM

Associated with coronary artery disease severity

[46]

MAGE

Flash glucose monitoring

50 patients with dysglycemia

Positively correlated with coronary artery spasm

[47]

MAGE and CV

CGM

35 T2DM patients on clopidogrel therapy

Provided additional diagnostic significance in identifying diabetic patients with HPR

[49]

SD of blood glucose

SMBG

327 patients with diabetes and acute coronary syndrome

An independent predictive factor for midterm major cardiovascular events

[51]

CV of FPG

SMBG

455 patients with T2DM

A novel risk factor for left cardiac structure and systolic function

[52]

CV and average real variability of FPG

SMBG

1791 individuals with T2DM

Significantly associated with cardiovascular disease

[10]

CV of FPG

SMBG

3769 individuals

Significantly associated incident diabetes, macrovascular events and mortality

[53]

VIM of FPG

SMBG

624,237 subjects with diabetes

Increased the risk of stroke, myocardial infarction, and all-cause mortality

[54]

CV of visit-to-visit FPG

SMBG

437 patients with T2DM and ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction

Independently predicted the incidence of left ventricular adverse remodeling

[55]

CV and VIM of HbA1c

SMBG

632 patients with T2DM and no history of cardiovascular disease

Increased the combined and additive risk for cardiovascular disease

[56]

Intra-individual mean, SD and CV of HbA1c

SMBG

5278 diabetic patients with no history of cardiovascular disease and atherosclerosis

Positively associated with macrovascular complications

[57]

SD and CV of HbA1c

SMBG

201 subjects with T2DM and arterial hypertension

Potentially predicted the progression of HFpEF

[58]

SD and CV of HbA1c

SMBG

902 patients with heart failure and T2DM

An independent predictive factor of all-cause mortality or composite endpoints

[59]

SD of HbA1c

CGM

100 type 2 diabetic patients with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction

Associated with poor left ventricular diastolic dysfunction

[60]

CV, SD and VIM of HbA1c

SMBG

420 diabetic patients after stent implantation

Independent predicted the incidence of in-stent restenosis

[61]

CV of HbA1c and FPG

SMBG

396 patients with T2DM

Positively associated with accelerated progression of coronary atherosclerosis

[62]

CV of HbA1c and FPG

SMBG

63,084 Chinese individuals with diabetes

Increased peripheral artery disease risk

[63]