Table 1 Characteristics of participants according to history of peripheral artery disease or peripheral neuropathy at baseline
From: History of lower-limb complications and risk of cancer death in people with type 2 diabetes
| Â | Overall | Peripheral artery disease | Peripheral neuropathy | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No | Yes | No | Yes | ||
Number | 11,140 | 8701 | 2439 (22) | 8167 | 2973 (27) |
Gender, n (%) | |||||
 Women | 4733 (42) | 3816 | 917 (19) | 3580 | 1153 (24) |
 Men | 6407 (58) | 4885 | 1522 (24) | 4587 | 1820 (28) |
Region of origin, n (%) | |||||
 Asia | 4136 (37) | 3755 | 381 (9) | 3426 | 710 (17) |
 Established market economies | 4862 (44) | 3225 | 1637 (34) | 3260 | 1602 (33) |
 Eastern Europe | 2142 (19) | 1721 | 421 (20) | 1481 | 661 (31) |
Age, years: mean (SD) | 66 (6) | 65 (6) | 67 (7) | 65 [6] | 67 (7) |
Duration of diabetes, years: mean (SD) | 7.9 (6.3) | 7.8 (6.2) | 8.4 (6.8) | 7.6 (6.2) | 8.7 (6.6) |
Body mass index, kg/m2: mean (SD) | 28 (5) | 28 (5) | 29 (5) | 28 (5) | 29 (6) |
Waist circumference, cm: mean (SD) | 98 (13) | 98 (13) | 102 (13) | 97 (13) | 102 (13) |
Systolic blood pressure, mmHg: mean (SD) | 145 (21) | 145 (21) | 146 (21) | 145 (21) | 146 (21) |
Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg: mean (SD) | 81 (11) | 81 (11) | 80 (10) | 81 (11) | 80 (11) |
Mini-mental state examination | |||||
 Overall MMSE score, mean (SD) | 28 (2) | 29 (2) | 28 (2) | 29 (2) | 28 (2) |
 Participants with normal MMSE score, n (%) | 8689 (78) | 6900 | 1789 (21) | 6480 | 2209 (25) |
 Participants with reduced MMSE score, n (%) | 2451 (22) | 1801 | 650 (27) | 1687 | 764 (31) |
Education accomplishment | |||||
 Age at completion, years: mean (SD) | 18 (7) | 19 (7) | 18 (7) | 19 (7) | 18 (7) |
 Participants with basic education, n (%) | 7116 (64) | 5809 | 1307 (18) | 5402 | 1714 (24) |
 Participants with low education, n (%) | 4024 (36) | 2892 | 1132 (28) | 2765 | 1259 (31) |
HbA1c, mean (SD) | |||||
 (%) | 7.5 (1.6) | 7.5 (1.6) | 7.4 (1.4) | 7.5 (1.6) | 7.5 (1.5) |
 mmol/mol | 59 (17) | 59 (17) | 58 (15) | 59 (17) | 59 (16) |
Urinary ACR, µg/mg: median (25th, 75th percentiles) | 1 (1,2) | 1.0 (1.0, 2.0) | 1.0 (1.0, 2.0) | 1.0 (1.0, 2.0) | 1.0 (1.0, 2.0) |
eGFR, ml/min/1.73m2: mean (SD) | 74 (17) | 75 (17) | 71 (18) | 75 (18) | 72 (17) |
Serum total cholesterol, mmol/l: mean (SD) | 5.2 (1.2) | 5.2 (1.2) | 5.0 (1.1) | 5.2 (1.2) | 5.1 (1.2) |
Serum HDL cholesterol, mmol/l: mean (SD) | 1.2 (0.3) | 1.3 (0.3) | 1.2 (0.3) | 1.3 (0.4) | 1.2 (0.3) |
Serum LDL cholesterol, mmol/l: mean (SD) | 3.1 (1.0) | 3.1 (1.0) | 3.0 (1.0) | 3.1 (1.0) | 3.0 (1.0) |
Serum triglycerides, mmol/l: median (25th, 75th percentiles) | 1.6 (1.2, 2.3) | 1.6 (1.2, 2.3) | 1.6 (1.2, 2.3) | 1.6 (1.2, 2.3) | 1.6 (1.2, 2.3) |
History of complications, n (%) | |||||
 Coronary arterial disease | 2380 (21) | 1694 | 686 (29) | 1611 | 769 (32) |
 Cerebrovascular disease | 1439 (13) | 1107 | 332 (23) | 1099 | 340 (24) |
 Diabetic kidney disease | 2444 (22) | 1771 | 673 [28] | 1699 | 745 (30) |
 Diabetic retinopathy | 1079 (10) | 812 | 267 (25) | 748 | 331 (31) |
 Dementia | 109 (1) | 75 | 34 (31) | 67 | 42 (39) |
History of tobacco smoking, n (%) | |||||
 Ever | 4674 (42) | 3303 | 1371 (29) | 3216 | 1458 (31) |
 Current | 1682 (15) | 1287 | 395 (23) | 1212 | 470 (28) |
History of alcohol drinking, n (%) | |||||
 Past | 4237 (38) | 3015 | 1222 (29) | 2997 | 1240 (29) |
 Current | 3396 (30) | 2433 | 963 (28) | 2368 | 1028 (30) |
History of medication use, n (%) | |||||
 Metformin | 6752 (61) | 5238 | 1514 (22) | 4836 | 1916 (28) |
 Insulin therapy | 159 (1) | 133 | 26 (16) | 118 | 41 (26) |
 Antihypertensive treatment | 7655 (69) | 5908 | 1747 (23) | 5552 | 2103 (27) |
 Antiplatelet drugs | 5199 (47) | 3914 | 1285 [25] | 3694 | 1505 (29) |
 Statins | 3146 (28) | 2207 | 939 (30) | 2121 | 1025 [33] |
Study allocations, n (%) | |||||
 Intensive glucose control group | 5571 (50) | 4334 | 1237 (22) | 4063 | 1508 (27) |
 Perindopril/indapamide combination | 5569 (50) | 4365 | 1204 (22) | 4070 | 1499 (27) |