Table 1 Characteristics of study patients before and after propensity score matching (PSM)
| Â | Before PSM | After PSM | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dulaglutide (n = 1513) | Liraglutide (n = 1512) | SMD | Dulaglutide (n = 983) | Liraglutide (n = 983) | SMD | |
Demographics | ||||||
 Age at the index date | 57.6 ± 12.6 | 57.6 ± 13.6 | < 0.01 | 57.0 ± 13.0 | 57.1 ± 13.3 | < 0.01 |
 Sex (male) | 47.1% | 50.6% | 0.06 | 48.3% | 47.6% | 0.01 |
Biochemical tests in the year before the index date | ||||||
 Weight (kg) | 77.7 ± 18.2 | 77.1 ± 17.1 | 0.02 | 77.8 ± 17.6 | 77.5 ± 16.8 | 0.01 |
 SBP (mmHg) | 140.1 ± 20.2 | 139.8 ± 20.6 | 0.01 | 140.7 ± 19.9 | 140.2 ± 20.2 | 0.02 |
 DBP (mmHg) | 78.5 ± 12.0 | 77.1 ± 11.9 | 0.10 | 78.8 ± 12.0 | 78.2 ± 12.0 | 0.04 |
 HbA1c (%) | 9.3 ± 1.6 | 9.5 ± 1.7 | 0.14 | 9.3 ± 1.6 | 9.3 ± 1.5 | 0.02 |
 Fasting plasma glucose (mg/dL) | 177.9 ± 62.3 | 179.6 ± 69.8 | 0.02 | 179.3 ± 63.2 | 178.6 ± 67.4 | 0.01 |
 Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 175.6 ± 45.7 | 174.9 ± 45.3 | < 0.01 | 176.4 ± 46.6 | 175.2 ± 43.1 | 0.02 |
 HDL-C (mg/dL) | 43.9 ± 12.3 | 42.6 ± 11.9 | 0.02 | 43.4 ± 12.7 | 43.6 ± 11.6 | 0.02 |
 LDL-C (mg/dL) | 96.3 ± 32.6 | 95.7 ± 34.0 | 0.08 | 97.1 ± 33.8 | 96.2 ± 32.9 | 0.01 |
 Triglycerin (mg/dL) | 207.9 ± 241.5 | 218.9 ± 240.1 | 0.04 | 214.9 ± 272.0 | 213.8 ± 247.5 | < 0.01 |
 eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 81.5 ± 36.9 | 79.4 ± 38.3 | 0.06 | 82.4 ± 38.2 | 82.1 ± 35.6 | < 0.01 |
 ALT (U/L) | 35.0 ± 29.4 | 34.5 ± 31.8 | 0.01 | 36.1 ± 30.2 | 35.4 ± 32.6 | 0.02 |
Prior comorbidities in the year before the index date | ||||||
 aDCSI | 1.8 ± 2.5 | 2.5 ± 2.9 | 0.24 | 2.0 ± 2.6 | 1.9 ± 2.3 | 0.02 |
 CCI | 1.8 ± 1.8 | 2.1 ± 2.0 | 0.14 | 1.9 ± 1.8 | 1.8 ± 1.8 | < 0.01 |
 Hypertension | 65.0% | 67.1% | 0.04 | 65.3% | 65.8% | 0.01 |
 Dyslipidemia | 71.4% | 71.6% | < 0.01 | 71.9% | 72.5% | 0.01 |
 Ischemic heart disease | 11.4% | 19.6% | 0.22 | 13.8% | 14.3% | 0.01 |
 Heart failure | 3.8% | 6.4% | 0.11 | 4.5% | 3.9% | 0.03 |
 Cerebrovascular disease | 6.6% | 8.3% | 0.06 | 6.9% | 8.3% | 0.05 |
 Liver disease | 18.7% | 19.2% | 0.01 | 18.4% | 18.4% | < 0.01 |
 COPD | 2.3% | 2.1% | < 0.01 | 2.2% | 2.1% | < 0.01 |
 CKD | 11.6% | 17.0% | 0.15 | 12.4% | 12.0% | 0.01 |
 Cancer | 12.2% | 10.9% | 0.03 | 11.3% | 11.2% | < 0.01 |
Prior exposure of co-medications in the year before the index date | ||||||
 ACEI/ARB | 60.2% | 63.6% | 0.07 | 61.3% | 61.1% | < 0.01 |
 Calcium channel blockers | 22.2% | 24.8% | 0.06 | 22.0% | 23.9% | 0.04 |
 β-blockers | 28.9% | 35.0% | 0.13 | 29.8% | 30.4% | 0.01 |
 Diuretics | 15.0% | 18.6% | 0.09 | 14.8% | 15.8% | 0.02 |
 Lipid-lowering agents | 76.5% | 76.3% | < 0.01 | 75.8% | 75.6% | < 0.01 |
 Nitrates | 8.7% | 15.1% | 0.19 | 10.2% | 10.0% | < 0.01 |
 Digoxin | 0.8% | 0.8% | < 0.01 | 0.8% | 0.6% | 0.02 |
 Antiplatelet | 31.4% | 36.4% | 0.11 | 32.2% | 32.2% | < 0.01 |
 Anticoagulant | 2.0% | 3.2% | 0.07 | 2.3% | 2.3% | < 0.01 |
 Antidepressant | 8.4% | 9.6% | 0.04 | 9.1% | 8.7% | 0.01 |
 Antipsychotic | 4.2% | 5.8% | 0.06 | 4.8% | 4.5% | 0.01 |
 NSAID | 23.1% | 24.3% | 0.02 | 24.2% | 24.5% | < 0.01 |
Concomitant GLAs at the index date | ||||||
 Metformin | 81.2% | 67.8% | 0.31 | 78.1% | 78.0% | < 0.01 |
 Sulfonylurea | 70.6% | 46.0% | 0.51 | 61.1% | 62.7% | 0.03 |
 DPP-4i | 5.5% | 4.5% | 0.04 | 5.1% | 5.1% | < 0.01 |
 Thiazolidinedione | 23.5% | 10.8% | 0.34 | 15.0% | 14.8% | < 0.01 |
 Alpha glucosidase inhibitors | 18.8% | 8.1% | 0.31 | 12.0% | 11.6% | 0.01 |
 Meglitinide | 2.5% | 4.2% | 0.09 | 3.4% | 2.7% | 0.04 |
 SGLT-2i | 4.6% | 2.4% | 0.12 | 2.3% | 3.2% | 0.05 |
Medical specialty at the index date | Â | Â | 0.29 | Â | Â | 0.05 |
 Metabolism and endocrinology | 81.8% | 83.0% |  | 83.3% | 83.9% |  |
 Cardiology | 3.9% | 9.0% |  | 4.9% | 5.4% |  |
 Family medicine | 1.5% | 1.7% |  | 1.5% | 1.8% |  |
 Other | 12.8% | 6.3% |  | 10.3% | 8.9% |  |
Hospital level at the index date | Â | Â | 0.16 | Â | Â | 0.02 |
 Medical centers | 46.0% | 40.7% |  | 51.0% | 51.0% |  |
 Region hospitals | 48.7% | 55.5% |  | 31.0% | 30.3% |  |
 Local hospitals | 5.3% | 3.8% |  | 18.0% | 18.7% |  |