Table 1 Baseline characteristics of patients with or without clinically significant atherosclerosis progression

Age, years

63.0 ± 10.9

63.5 ± 10.3

62.1 ± 11.9

Male, n (%)

200 (50.5)

126 (49.8)

74 (51.7)

BMI, kg/m²

26.4 ± 5.5

26.4 ± 5.4

26.5 ± 5.6

Smoking, n (%)

107 (27.0)

65 (25.7)

42 (29.4)

Alcohol, n (%)

51 (12.9)

40 (15.8)

11 (7.7)

Hyperlipidemia, n (%)

121 (30.6)

73 (28.9)

48 (33.6)

Hypertension, n (%)

266 (67.2)

177 (70.0)

89 (62.2)

SBP, mmHg

140.0 ± 18.8

140.5 ± 19.6

138.9 ± 16.9

DBP, mmHg

79.3 ± 11.6

79.7 ± 11.7

78.6 ± 11.5

HR, bpm

76.9 ± 12.2

77.0 ± 12.7

76.5 ± 11.4

Diabetes-related variables

 Diabetes duration, years

4.0 (2.0–8.0)

4.3 (2.0–9.0)

3.5 (2.0–6.0)

 HbA1c, %

6.7 ± 1.4

6.5 ± 1.1

7.1 ± 1.7

 Number of HbA1c measurements, n

7.5 ± 1.8

7.4 ± 1.8

7.7 ± 1.9

 Time interval between HbA1c(s), months

4.0 (3.5–4.6)

4.0 (3.8–4.5)

3.9 (3.4–4.7)

 CV-HbA1c, %

16.73 ± 7.87

15.48 ± 6.17

18.96 ± 9.83

 FPG, mmol/L

6.9 ± 2.3

6.57 ± 1.72

7.49 ± 3.06

 Number of FPG measurements, n

9.9 ± 2.0

9.8 ± 1.9

10.1 ± 2.3

 Time interval between FPGs, months

3.0 (2.6–3.5)

3.1 (2.7–3.6)

2.9 (2.4–3.3)

 CV-FPG, %

13.80 ± 10.20

12.08 ± 8.47

16.84 ± 12.14

 2h-PBG, mmol/L

9.65 ± 2.40

9.20 ± 1.74

10.44 ± 3.10

 FCP, nmol/L

1.83 ± 1.26

1.83 ± 1.24

1.82 ± 1.30

 2h-PCP, nmol/L

4.63 ± 2.48

4.69 ± 2.54

4.53 ± 2.36

 Fasting insulin, mU/L

79.21 ± 50.43

77.35 ± 50.01

82.51 ± 51.16

 2h-insulin, mU/L

220.99 ± 141.71

226.71 ± 139.48

210.86 ± 145.52

 HOMA-IR

24.21 ± 19.12

22.27 ± 15.59

27.65 ± 23.81

 UACR, mg/g

1.65 (0.85–3.72)

1.46 (0.79–4.18)

1.76 (0.85–3.02)

 Hypoglycemia rates, %

26 (6.6)

17 (6.7)

9 (6.3)

Other laboratory tests

 TC, mmol/L

4.74 ± 1.13

4.60 ± 1.18

5.00 ± 0.99

 TG, mmol/L

1.49 (1.00–2.15)

1.49 (1.02–2.20)

1.50 (0.94–2.11)

 HDL-C, mmol/L

1.11 ± 0.28

1.10 ± 0.26

1.12 ± 0.31

 LDL-C, mmol/L

2.95 ± 0.93

2.83 ± 0.94

3.15 ± 0.86

 apoA1, g/L

1.35 ± 0.29

1.34 ± 0.32

1.38 ± 0.22

 apoB100, g/L

1.12 ± 0.42

1.09 ± 0.42

1.16 ± 0.41

 LP_a, mg/L

193.3 ± 246.0

194.2 ± 254.0

191.52 ± 232.0

 Cr, µmol/L

76.7 ± 20.7

77.0 ± 21.6

76.2 ± 19.0

 eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m²

83.1 ± 19.0

82.2 ± 19.7

84.8 ± 17.8

 BUN, µmol/L

5.64 ± 1.71

5.64 ± 1.69

5.64 ± 1.74

 UA, µmol/L

379.0 ± 108.0

380.0 ± 102.3

377.2 ± 117.8

Medications

 Insulin, n (%)

83 (21.0)

52 (20.6)

31 (21.7)

 Metformin, n (%)

234 (59.0)

146 (57.8)

88 (62.6)

 Glucosidase inhibitor, n (%)

84 (21.2)

45 (17.8)

39 (27.3)

 Sulfonylureas, n (%)

44 (11.1)

29 (11.5)

15 (10.5)

 DPP-4 inhibitors/GLP-1R, n (%)

34 (8.6)

27 (10.7)

7 (4.9)

 Glinides, n (%)

7 (1.8)

6 (2.4)

1 (0.7)

 Anti-platelet, n (%)

285 (72.0)

196 (77.5)

89 (62.2)

 Statin, n (%)

295 (74.5)

197 (77.9)

98 (68.5)

 ACEI/ARB, n (%)

179 (45.2)

121 (47.8)

58 (40.6)

 β-blocker, n (%)

122 (30.8)

85 (33.6)

37 (25.9)

 CCB, n (%)

130 (32.8)

90 (35.6)

40 (28.0)

 Diuretic, n (%)

58 (14.6)

42 (16.6)

16 (11.2)