Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the total CHF population

Demographic findings

 Age, years

56 ± 16

61 ± 12

54 ± 17

< 0.01

 Male

212 (77%)

63 (81%)

149 (76%)

0.36

 BMI, kg/m²

23.4 ± 4.5

24.9 ± 5.9

22.8 ± 3.7

0.01

NYHA functional class

0.27

 I

44 (16%)

9 (12%)

35 (18%)

 II

176 (64%)

50 (64%)

126 (64%)

 III

54 (20%)

19 (24%)

35 (18%)

Primary cause of HF

 Ischemic cause

59 (21%)

22 (28%)

37 (19%)

0.09

 Dilated cardiomyopathy

72 (26%)

21 (27%)

51 (26%)

0.86

 Others

144 (52%)

35 (45%)

109 (55%)

0.12

 Hypertension

103 (37%)

40 (51%)

63 (32%)

< 0.01

 Dyslipidemia

103 (37%)

45 (58%)

58 (29%)

< 0.01

 Atrial fibrillation

65 (24%)

27 (35%)

38 (19%)

< 0.01

Echocardiographic findings

 LVEDD, mm

60.0 ± 10.8

60.3 ± 9.0

59.9 ± 11.4

0.66

 LVEF, %

40.6 ± 14.5

39.3 ± 11.5

41.1 ± 15.5

0.69

 E/A ratio^a

1.23 ± 0.88

1.33 ± 1.04

1.20 ± 0.83

0.84

 Deceleration time^b, ms

208.5 ± 64.0

202.4 ± 57.8

210.8 ± 66.3

0.35

 E/e′^c

10.9 ± 4.4

12.2 ± 4.8

10.5 ± 4.1

< 0.01

Laboratory measurements

 Hemoglobin, g/dL

13.3 ± 1.7

13.2 ± 1.9

13.3 ± 1.7

0.65

 Serum creatinine, mg/dL

1.04 ± 0.42

1.20 ± 0.54

0.98 ± 0.34

< 0.01

 eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m²

63.4 ± 22.5

54.4 ± 18.8

67.0 ± 22.9

< 0.01

 HbA1c, %

5.9 ± 0.8

6.7 ± 0.9

5.6 ± 0.4

< 0.01

 BNP, pg/mL

291.6 ± 405.8

321.0 ± 421.8

280.5 ± 400.3

0.07

Medications:

 ACE inhibitors or ARBs

229 (83)

73 (94)

156 (79)

< 0.01

 β blockers

220 (80)

70 (91)

150 (76)

< 0.01

 MRAs

136 (49)

40 (52)

95 (48)

0.58

 Statins

104 (38)

39 (51)

65 (33)

< 0.01

 Insulin

7 (3)

7 (9)

–

NA

 Metformin

11 (4)

11 (14)

–

NA

 DPP4 inhibitors

14 (5)

14 (18)

–

NA

 Sulfonylureas

11 (4)

11 (14)

–

NA