Table 1 Baseline characteristics
Tertiles of CV of HbA1c | T1 (0.005–0.045) | T2 (0.045–0.086) | T3 (0.086–0.397) | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|
n | 141 | 139 | 140 | Â |
Demographic characteristics and clinical measures | ||||
 Male sex | 102 (72.3) | 110 (79.1) | 97 (69.3) | 0.161 |
 Age, years | 64.79 ± 8.80 | 63.99 ± 8.87 | 64.74 ± 9.33 | 0.705 |
 BMI, kg/m2 | 25.61 ± 3.47 | 25.14 ± 2.83 | 25.59 ± 3.14 | 0.375 |
 Systolic BP, mmHg | 139.34 ± 20.09 | 137.43 ± 19.68 | 137.24 ± 23.39 | 0.657 |
 Diastolic BP, mmHg | 78.42 ± 13.57 | 75.96 ± 11.71 | 75.41 ± 11.18 | 0.091 |
Medical history | ||||
 Hypertension | 101 (71.6) | 105 (75.5) | 104 (74.3) | 0.749 |
 Duration of diabetes, years | 11.8 ± 9.8 | 8.9 ± 5.7 | 11.1 ± 8.0 | 0.078 |
 Current smoker | 59 (41.8) | 76 (54.7) | 60 (42.9) | 0.058 |
Laboratory values | ||||
 HbA1C,  % | 7.0 ± 1.6 | 7.1 ± 1.0 | 8.4 ± 1.5 | < 0.001 |
 Fasting glucose, mmol/L | 6.97 ± 2.61 | 6.85 ± 2.31 | 9.17 ± 3.86 | < 0.001 |
 Postparandial glucose (2 h), mmol/L | 12.05 ± 3.87 | 12.57 ± 4.41 | 14.98 ± 5.04 | < 0.001 |
 Fasting insulin, µU/mL | 11.03 (8.26–16.99) | 9.97 (6.66–16.05) | 11.04 (7.39–18.85) | 0.451 |
 Postparandial insulin (2 h), µU/mL | 46.53 (35.88–75.78) | 44.50 (26.59–83.72) | 37.61 (24.18–63.65) | 0.009 |
 HOMA-IR | 3.28 (2.18–5.57) | 3.18 (1.73–5.16) | 4.62 (2.29–6.68) | 0.005 |
 Hemoglobin, g/L | 133.99 ± 16.10 | 131.82 ± 17.46 | 131.66 ± 20.73 | 0.489 |
 Triglyceride, mmol/L | 1.50 (1.15–2.35) | 1.28 (0.98–2.04) | 1.70 (1.15–2.13) | 0.008 |
 Total cholesterol, mmol/L | 4.20 ± 1.17 | 3.96 ± 1.08 | 4.10 ± 1.27 | 0.243 |
 HDL cholesterol, mmol/L | 1.06 ± 0.24 | 1.08 ± 0.28 | 0.98 ± 0.20 | 0.002 |
 LDL cholesterol, mmol/L | 2.44 ± 0.92 | 2.30 ± 0.88 | 2.46 ± 0.93 | 0.295 |
 Non-HDL cholesterol, mmol/L | 3.14 ± 1.16 | 2.88 ± 1.04 | 3.11 ± 1.24 | 0.119 |
 Alanine aminotransferase, IU/L | 26.97 ± 16.97 | 27.03 ± 17.47 | 28.76 ± 20.16 | 0.647 |
 Serum creatinine, μmol/L | 80.57 ± 18.76 | 87.34 ± 40.13 | 103.68 ± 100.37 | 0.008 |
 Blood urea nitrogen, mmol/L | 5.69 ± 1.74 | 5.66 ± 2.37 | 6.29 ± 3.05 | 0.052 |
 eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 81.80 ± 16.73 | 82.19 ± 17.54 | 80.66 ± 20.46 | 0.775 |
 hsCRP, mg/L | 1.21 (0.55–4.24) | 1.19 (0.42–4.09) | 1.96 (0.91–8.55) | 0.009 |
Cardiac function | ||||
 LVEF,  % | 63.3 ± 8.6 | 62.6 ± 8.8 | 62.2 ± 9.7 | 0.619 |
Medication use | ||||
 Aspirin | 136 (96.5) | 129 (92.8) | 132 (94.3) | 0.402 |
 P2Y12 inhibitor | 129 (91.5) | 129 (92.8) | 128 (91.4) | 0.893 |
 Beta blocker | 113 (80.1) | 108 (77.7) | 100 (71.4) | 0.207 |
 ACEI | 49 (34.8) | 42 (30.2) | 56 (40.0) | 0.230 |
 ARB | 47 (33.3) | 65 (46.8) | 57 (40.7) | 0.072 |
 CCB | 45 (31.9) | 53 (38.1) | 39 (27.9) | 0.183 |
 Statin | 136 (96.5) | 133 (95.7) | 136 (97.1) | 0.806 |
 OHA | 66 (46.8) | 57 (41.0) | 79 (56.4) | 0.034 |
 Biguanides | 30 (21.3) | 30 (21.6) | 42 (30.0) | 0.155 |
 Sulfonylureas | 22 (15.6) | 28 (20.1) | 36 (25.7) | 0.109 |
 Meglitinides | 4 (2.8) | 6 (4.3) | 8 (5.7) | 0.492 |
 Thiazolidinediones | 2 (1.4) | 2 (1.4) | 8 (5.7) | 0.046 |
 Insulin | 23 (16.3) | 21 (15.1) | 46 (32.9) | < 0.001 |