Pioglitazone for primary stroke prevention in Asian patients with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular risk factors: a retrospective study

Table 4 Hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals of ischemic stroke associated with the defined daily doses of pioglitazone

Variables	Ischemic stroke (n = 306)			Crude HR (95% CI)	Adjust HR (95% CI)
Variables	Event	PY	IR	Crude HR (95% CI)	Adjust HR (95% CI)
Pioglitazone, DDD (per year)
0	170	27,682	6.14	1 (reference)	1 (reference)
< 100	58	12,093	4.80	0.77 (0.57–1.03)	0.79 (0.58–1.06)
100–250	41	8935	4.59	0.74 (0.52–0.95)*	0.74 (0.53–0.98)*
> 250	37	8239	4.49	0.63 (0.45–0.84)**	0.66 (0.46–0.87)*
p for trend				0.02	0.04

HR adjusted for age, sex, heart failure, arrhythmia, chronic kidney disease, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, hypertensive agents, lipid-lowering agents, anti-platelet agents, and oral glucose-lowering agents
* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01

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