Pioglitazone for primary stroke prevention in Asian patients with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular risk factors: a retrospective study

Hung, Yi-Chih; Chiu, Lu-Ting; Huang, Hung-Yu; Bau, Da-Tian

doi:10.1186/s12933-020-01056-x

Cardiovascular Diabetology

Table 1 Baseline demographic characteristics of patients with DM treated with and without pioglitazone

From: Pioglitazone for primary stroke prevention in Asian patients with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular risk factors: a retrospective study

Characteristics	Before PS matching				p-value	After PS matching				p-value
	Non-pioglitazone user n = 32,337		Pioglitazone user n = 7574			Non-pioglitazone user n = 6539		Pioglitazone user n = 6539
	N	%	n	%		N	%	n	%
Age, years
< 55	12,160	37.60	2810	37.10	0.42	2302	35.2	2338	35.75	0.51
55–65	8960	27.71	2463	32.52	< 0.0001	2085	31.89	2126	32.51	0.44
≥ 65	11,217	34.69	2301	30.38	< 0.0001	2152	32.91	2075	31.73	0.15
Mean ± SD	59.48 ± 13.36	59.09 ± 11.31	0.001	59.74 ± 12.32	59.52 ± 11.51	0.29
Gender
Female	17,068	52.78	3801	50.18	< 0.0001	3250	49.70	3242	49.58	0.89
Male	15,269	47.22	3773	49.82	< 0.0001	3289	50.30	3297	50.42	0.89
Comorbidity
Heart failure	1920	5.94	326	4.30	< 0.0001	306	4.68	296	4.53	0.68
Arrhythmia	4686	14.49	768	10.14	< 0.0001	690	10.55	695	10.63	0.89
Chronic kidney disease	3621	11.20	788	10.40	0.05	665	10.17	681	10.41	0.65
Vascular risk factor
Hypertension	21,589	66.76	5677	74.95	< 0.0001	4863	74.37	4843	74.06	0.69
Hyperlipidemia	21,387	66.14	5956	78.64	< 0.0001	5003	76.51	5022	76.80	0.69
Number of risk factors
1	18,750	57.98	3136	41.40	< 0.0001	2899	44.33	2848	43.55	0.36
2	13,587	42.02	4438	58.60	< 0.0001	3640	55.67	3691	56.45	0.36
Drug use
Hypertensive agents
ACEI	13,087	40.47	40.16	53.02	< 0.0001	3382	51.72	3386	51.78	0.94
ARB	7213	22.31	2727	36.00	< 0.0001	2257	34.52	2263	34.61	0.91
α-Blocker	6744	20.86	1616	21.34	0.35	1418	21.69	1418	21.69	1.00
β-Blocker	19,379	59.93	4498	59.39	0.39	3873	59.23	3893	59.54	0.72
CCB	13,766	42.57	3569	47.48	<0.0001	3154	48.23	3087	47.21	0.24
Diuretics	12,474	38.58	3045	40.20	0.009	2702	41.32	2656	40.62	0.41
Others	2736	8.46	538	7.10	0.0001	463	7.08	475	7.26	0.68
Number of hypertensive agents
≤ 1	10,911	33.74	2096	27.67	< 0.0001	1809	27.66	1834	28.05	0.62
2	7432	22.98	1561	20.61	< 0.0001	1356	20.74	13.42	20.52	0.76
≥ 3	13,994	43.28	3917	51.72	< 0.0001	3374	51.6	3363	51.43	0.84
Hypolipidemic agents
Statin	10,366	32.06	4506	59.49	< 0.0001	3664	56.03	3664	56.03	1.00
Initial statin therapy
High intensity*	32	0.31	16	0.36	0.01	13	0.35	13	0.35	1.00
Moderate intensity**	5418	52.27	2677	59.41	< 0.0001	1936	52.84	2153	58.76	< 0.0001
Low intensity***	4916	47.42	1813	40.24	< 0.0001	1715	46.81	1498	40.88	< 0.0001
Fibrate	6984	21.6	2805	37.03	< 0.0001	2304	35.23	2282	34.90	0.69
Others	7621	23.57	2881	38.04	< 0.0001	2397	36.66	2383	36.44	0.80
Anti-platelet agents
Aspirin	17,438	53.93	4354	57.49	< 0.0001	3735	57.12	3723	56.94	0.83
Warfarin	320	0.99	50	0.66	0.007	44	0.67	47	0.72	0.75
Clopidogrel	575	1.78	178	2.35	0.001	149	2.28	159	2.43	0.56
Others	2644	8.18	636	8.40	0.52	538	8.23	551	8.43	0.68
Oral antidiabetic agents
Metformin	10,103	31.24	6588	86.98	< 0.0001	5610	85.79	5557	84.98	0.19
Sulfonylureas	12,478	38.59	7111	93.89	< 0.0001	6155	94.13	6076	92.92	0.01
DPP4 inhibitors	569	1.76	672	8.87	0.001	465	7.11	499	7.63	0.26
Alpha-glucosidase inhibitor	1977	6.11	2521	33.28	< 0.0001	1515	23.17	1685	25.77	0.001
Glinide	1338	4.14	1430	18.88	< 0.0001	925	14.15	1034	15.81	0.01
Number of oral antidiabetic agents
≤ 1	23,544	72.81	893	11.79	< 0.0001	896	13.70	893	13.66	0.94
2	6553	20.26	3418	45.13	< 0.0001	3561	54.46	3360	51.38	0.0004
3	1723	5.33	2411	31.83	< 0.0001	1568	23.98	1808	27.65	< 0.0001
≥ 4	517	1.60	852	11.25	< 0.0001	514	7.86	478	7.31	0.23
Follow-up duration, year	5.25 ± 3.19	4.36 ± 2.36	<0.0001	4.19 ± 2.64	4.45 ± 2.39	< 0.0001

Data are presented as n (%) or mean ± SD
Number of oral glucose-lowering agents used including metformin, sulfonylureas, DPP4 inhibitors, alpha-glucosidase inhibitor, and glinide
PS propensity score, ACEI angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor, ARB angiotensin receptor blockers, CCB calcium channel blockers
* High-intensity statins: atorvastatin ≥ 40 mg/day, or rosuvastatin ≥ 20 mg/day
** Moderate-intensity statins: 10 mg/day ≤ atorvastatin < 40 mg/day, 5 mg/day ≤ rosuvastatin < 20 mg/day, 20 mg/day ≤ simvastatin, pravastatin ≥ 40 mg/day, lovastatin ≥ 40 mg/day and fluvastatin ≥ 80 mg/day
*** Low-intensity statins: atorvastatin < 10 mg/day, rosuvastatin < 5 mg/day, simvastatin < 20 mg/day, pravastatin < 40 mg/day, lovastatin < 40 mg/day, and fluvastatin < 80 mg/day

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