Table 1 Baseline characteristics among study cohorts before and after propensity score matching
Before PSM | After PSM | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Non-SGLT2i | SGLT2i | ASD | Non-SGLT2i | SGLT2i | ASD | |
N = 319,848 | N = 79,962 | N = 79,150 | N = 79,150 | |||
Year of T2DM diagnosis | 0.000 | 0.082 | ||||
2004 | 29,528 (9.23%) | 7382 (9.23%) | 7643 (9.66%) | 7311 (9.24%) | ||
2005 | 25,620 (8.01%) | 6405 (8.01%) | 6515 (8.23%) | 6347 (8.02%) | ||
2006 | 25,508 (7.98%) | 6377 (7.98%) | 6586 (8.32%) | 6322 (7.99%) | ||
2007 | 26,372 (8.25%) | 6593 (8.25%) | 6646 (8.4%) | 6518 (8.23%) | ||
2008 | 26,040 (8.14%) | 6510 (8.14%) | 6594 (8.33%) | 6454 (8.15%) | ||
2009 | 26,920 (8.42%) | 6730 (8.42%) | 6653 (8.41%) | 6664 (8.42%) | ||
2010 | 24,684 (7.72%) | 6171 (7.72%) | 5948 (7.51%) | 6102 (7.71%) | ||
2011 | 23,324 (7.29%) | 5831 (7.29%) | 5577 (7.05%) | 5761 (7.28%) | ||
2012 | 22,500 (7.03%) | 5625 (7.03%) | 5312 (6.71%) | 5562 (7.03%) | ||
2013 | 21,528 (6.73%) | 5382 (6.73%) | 5123 (6.47%) | 5317 (6.72%) | ||
2014 | 19,976 (6.25%) | 4994 (6.25%) | 4574 (5.78%) | 4941 (6.24%) | ||
2015 | 18,872 (5.90%) | 4718 (5.90%) | 4491 (5.67%) | 4661 (5.89%) | ||
2016 | 17,108 (5.35%) | 4277 (5.35%) | 4356 (5.50%) | 4244 (5.36%) | ||
2017 | 11,868 (3.71%) | 2967 (3.71%) | 3132 (3.96%) | 2946 (3.72%) | ||
Sex | 0.000 | 0.014 | ||||
Male | 179,252 (56.04%) | 44,813 (56.04%) | 44,751 (56.54%) | 44,360 (56.05%) | ||
Female | 140,596 (43.96%) | 35,149 (43.96%) | 34,399 (43.46%) | 34,790 (43.95%) | ||
Age | 0.000 | 0.039 | ||||
< 50 | 99,056 (30.97%) | 24,764 (30.97%) | 24,179 (30.55%) | 24,471 (30.92%) | ||
50–60 | 105,012 (32.83%) | 26,253 (32.83%) | 26,379 (33.33%) | 26,037 (32.90%) | ||
60–70 | 87,708 (27.42%) | 21,927 (27.42%) | 21,897 (27.67%) | 21,705 (27.42%) | ||
≥ 70 | 28,072 (8.78%) | 7018 (8.78%) | 6695 (8.46%) | 6937 (8.76%) | ||
Comorbidities | ||||||
Hypertension | 155,971 (48.76%) | 47,428 (59.31%) | 0.213 | 47,636 (60.18%) | 46,839 (59.18%) | 0.021 |
Hyperlipidemia | 163,107 (51.00%) | 55,788 (69.77%) | 0.391 | 57,253 (72.33%) | 55,107 (69.62%) | 0.060 |
Cirrhosis | 7638 (2.39%) | 2152 (2.69%) | 0.019 | 2070 (2.62%) | 2117 (2.67%) | 0.004 |
COPD | 8870 (2.77%) | 2009 (2.51%) | 0.016 | 1932 (2.44%) | 1983 (2.51%) | 0.004 |
Sleep apnea | 1516 (0.47%) | 584 (0.73%) | 0.033 | 512 (0.65%) | 561 (0.71%) | 0.008 |
Concurrent medication | ||||||
NSIADs (exclude aspirin) | 68,643 (21.46%) | 16,491 (20.62%) | 0.021 | 16,423 (20.75%) | 16,349 (20.66%) | 0.002 |
Systemic corticosteroids | 17,933 (5.61%) | 4258 (5.33%) | 0.012 | 4192 (5.3%) | 4203 (5.31%) | 0.001 |
PPIs | 20,853 (6.52%) | 5043 (6.31%) | 0.009 | 4860 (6.14%) | 4984 (6.3%) | 0.006 |
H2 receptor inhibitors | 37,135 (11.61%) | 9502 (11.88%) | 0.008 | 9262 (11.7%) | 9391 (11.86%) | 0.005 |
Aspirins | 49,502 (15.48%) | 18,635 (23.30%) | 0.199 | 17,980 (22.72%) | 18,278 (23.09%) | 0.009 |
Biguanides | 141,971 (44.39%) | 54,094 (67.65%) | 0.482 | 55,453 (70.06%) | 53,339 (67.39%) | 0.058 |
Sulfonylureas | 95,541 (29.87%) | 37,970 (47.49%) | 0.368 | 38,563 (48.72%) | 37,359 (47.2%) | 0.030 |
Alpha glucosidase inhibitors | 27,832 (8.7%) | 16,654 (20.83%) | 0.347 | 15,144 (19.13%) | 16,149 (20.4%) | 0.032 |
Thiazolidinediones | 26,241 (8.2%) | 14,809 (18.52%) | 0.307 | 13,905 (17.57%) | 14,393 (18.18%) | 0.016 |
DPP4is | 54,820 (17.14%) | 34,119 (42.67%) | 0.581 | 32,709 (41.33%) | 33,358 (42.15%) | 0.017 |
Insulin | 23,666 (7.40%) | 14,210 (17.77%) | 0.317 | 13,001 (16.43%) | 13,716 (17.33%) | 0.024 |
Alpha-blockers | 9202 (2.88%) | 2590 (3.24%) | 0.021 | 2522 (3.19%) | 2564 (3.24%) | 0.003 |
Beta-blockers | 64,898 (20.29%) | 21,416 (26.78%) | 0.153 | 20,747 (26.21%) | 21,057 (26.6%) | 0.009 |
CCBs | 76,458 (23.90%) | 19,026 (23.79%) | 0.003 | 19,097 (24.13%) | 18,848 (23.81%) | 0.007 |
ACEIs | 17,276 (5.40%) | 5415 (6.77%) | 0.057 | 5403 (6.83%) | 5349 (6.76%) | 0.003 |
ARBs | 119,902 (37.49%) | 42,612 (53.29%) | 0.321 | 42,504 (53.7%) | 41,975 (53.03%) | 0.013 |
Statins | 148,755 (46.51%) | 57,867 (72.37%) | 0.546 | 58,549 (73.97%) | 57,092 (72.13%) | 0.042 |