Skip to main content

Table 1 Baseline characteristics and outcomes incidence in all diabetic patients and divided into tertiles of 24-month systolic blood pressure visit-to-visit variability (standard deviation)

From: Prognostic importance of visit-to-visit blood pressure variability for micro- and macrovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes: The Rio de Janeiro Type 2 Diabetes Cohort Study

Characteristics

All patients (n = 632)

1st-tertile SBP-SD ≤ 11.93 mmHg (n = 211)

2nd-tertile SBP-SD 11.94-17.63 mmHg (n = 215)

3rd-tertile SBP-SD ≥ 17.64 mmHg (n = 206)

p value

Age (years)

60.0 (9.5)

57.3 (9.7)

60.5 (9.5)

62.3 (8.6)

< 0.001

Male sex (%)

38.6

38.8

42.7

34.5

0.20

BMI (kg/m2)

29.7 (4.9)

29.4 (5.0)

29.5 (4.8)

30.2 (4.7)

0.13

Smoking, current/past (%)

45.0

45.2

48.0

41.8

0.39

Physical activity (%)

22.4

26.6

21.8

19.0

0.15

Diabetes duration (years)

8 (3–15)

7 (2–15)

7 (3–13)

10 (4–18)

0.002

Chronic diabetic complications (%)

 Cerebrovascular disease

9.1

4.9

7.1

14.7

0.001

 Coronary artery disease

15.1

12.9

13.3

19.0

0.11

 Peripheral artery disease

16.8

8.5

18.2

23.4

< 0.001

 Retinopathy

32.4

23.4

32.7

40.7

< 0.001

 Nephropathy

31.4

26.9

29.9

37.1

0.057

 Peripheral neuropathy

29.2

22.1

27.6

37.7

0.001

 Cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy

18.5

17.4

17.8

19.8

0.81

Diabetes treatment (%)

 Metformin

87.7

89.2

87.1

86.6

0.67

 Sulfonylureas

43.2

47.3

40.4

41.8

0.30

 Insulin

47.8

38.2

52.4

52.6

0.031

 Aspirin

89.6

83.6

93.3

93.5

0.010

 Dyslipidemia (%)

87.1

85.2

89.3

86.6

0.42

 Statins use (%)

77.7

74.3

79.6

78.8

0.38

 Arterial hypertension (%)

86.5

77.1

89.3

92.7

< 0.001

 Number of anti-hypertensive drugs

3 (1–3)

2 (1–3)

2 (1–3)

3 (2–4)

< 0.001

 ACE inhibitors/AR blockers (%)

81.2

69.6

84.9

88.8

< 0.001

 Diuretics (%)

62.6

47.8

61.3

78.0

< 0.001

 Calcium channel blockers (%)

28.0

21.0

29.3

33.6

0.010

 Beta-blockers (%)

46.4

35.3

44.0

59.5

< 0.001

Blood pressures (mmHg)

 Mean 12-month clinic SBP

141 (20)

132 (16)

140 (16)

151 (19)

< 0.001

 Mean 12-month clinic DBP

80 (10)

78 (8)

79 (9)

82 (10)

< 0.001

 Mean 24-month clinic SBP

141 (18)

132 (15)

140 (15)

150 (22)

< 0.001

 Mean 24-month clinic DBP

79 (9)

77 (8)

78 (9)

82 (12)

< 0.001

 Ambulatory 24 h SBP

129 (15)

124 (13)

128 (12)

134 (18)

< 0.001

 Ambulatory 24 h DBP

74 (10)

73 (8)

73 (9)

75 (12)

0.13

Laboratory variables

 Mean 12-month HbA1c (%)

7.7 (1.6)

7.4 (1.4)

7.8 (1.4)

7.8 (1.6)

0.005

Mean 12-month HbA1c (%) (mmol/mol)

61 (17.5)

57 (15.3)

62 (15.3)

62 (17.5)

 

 Mean 24-month HbA1c (%)

7.7 (1.4)

7.5 (1.5)

7.8 (1.4)

7.8 (1.4)

0.044

Mean 24-month HbA1c (%) (mmol/mol)

61 (15.3)

58 (13.0)

62 (15.3)

62 (15.3)

 

 Mean 12-month triacylglycerol (mmol/mol)

1.90 (1.54)

1.80 (1.26)

1.76 (1.08)

2.12 (2.03)

0.058

 Mean 24-month triacylglycerol (mmol/mol)

1.90 (1.42)

2.12 (1.48)

1.80 (1.04)

2.01 (1.67)

0.21

 Mean 12-month HDL-cholesterol (mmol/mol)

1.13 (0.49)

1.18 (0.63)

1.14 (0.32)

1.11 (0.29)

0.19

 Mean 24-month HDL-cholesterol (mmol/mol)

1.14 (0.33)

1.16 (0.39)

1.15 (0.30)

1.12 (0.28)

0.34

 Mean 12-month LDL-cholesterol (mmol/mol)

2.79 (0.85)

2.71 (0.81)

2.73 (0.81)

2.90 (0.88)

0.030

 Mean 24-month LDL-cholesterol (mmol/mol)

2.72 (0.77)

2.63 (0.71)

2.71 (0.76)

2.81 (0.81)

0.037

 Glomerular filtration rate (ml/min/1.73 m2)

81 (20)

85 (21)

82 (19)

76 (20)

< 0.001

 Albuminuria (mg/24 h)

13 (7–41)

12 (6–26)

13 (7–39)

17 (8–72)

0.003

Macrovascular outcomesa

 Total CVEs

162 (2.72)

41 (1.99)

57 (2.73)

64 (3.56)

0.002

 Major CVEs

132 (2.17)

32 (1.51)

46 (2.16)

54 (2.95)

0.001

 Cardiovascular mortality

95 (1.52)

24 (1.11)

29 (1.32)

42 (2.22)

0.003

 All-cause mortality

212 (3.38)

51 (2.36)

67 (3.05)

94 (4.96)

< 0.001

Microvascular outcomesb

 Retinopathy (incident/worsening) (n = 524)

153 (5.05)

49 (4.42)

49 (4.60)

55 (6.44)

0.031

 Renal composite (n = 614)

193 (3.67)

56 (3.08)

66 (3.61)

71 (4.46)

0.048

 Microalbuminuria (incident) (n = 565)

121 (2.53)

36 (2.20)

45 (2.73)

40 (2.67)

0.56

 Renal failure (n = 614)

95 (1.61)

27 (1.34)

30 (1.45)

38 (2.14)

0.035

 Peripheral neuropathy (incident/worsening) (n = 506)

171 (33.8)

46 (24.7)

69 (39.9)

56 (38.1)

0.004

  1. Values are proportions, and means (standard deviations) or medians (interquartile range)
  2. HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme; AR, angiotensin II receptor; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; FG, fasting glycemia; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; CVEs, cardiovascular events
  3. aValues are absolute numbers (incidence rate per 100 patient-years of follow-up)
  4. bValues are absolute numbers (incidence rate per 100 patient-years of follow-up), except for peripheral neuropathy that are absolute numbers (proportions)