Characteristics | All patients (n = 632) | 1st-tertile SBP-SD ≤ 11.93 mmHg (n = 211) | 2nd-tertile SBP-SD 11.94-17.63 mmHg (n = 215) | 3rd-tertile SBP-SD ≥ 17.64 mmHg (n = 206) | p value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 60.0 (9.5) | 57.3 (9.7) | 60.5 (9.5) | 62.3 (8.6) | < 0.001 |
Male sex (%) | 38.6 | 38.8 | 42.7 | 34.5 | 0.20 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 29.7 (4.9) | 29.4 (5.0) | 29.5 (4.8) | 30.2 (4.7) | 0.13 |
Smoking, current/past (%) | 45.0 | 45.2 | 48.0 | 41.8 | 0.39 |
Physical activity (%) | 22.4 | 26.6 | 21.8 | 19.0 | 0.15 |
Diabetes duration (years) | 8 (3–15) | 7 (2–15) | 7 (3–13) | 10 (4–18) | 0.002 |
Chronic diabetic complications (%) | |||||
 Cerebrovascular disease | 9.1 | 4.9 | 7.1 | 14.7 | 0.001 |
 Coronary artery disease | 15.1 | 12.9 | 13.3 | 19.0 | 0.11 |
 Peripheral artery disease | 16.8 | 8.5 | 18.2 | 23.4 | < 0.001 |
 Retinopathy | 32.4 | 23.4 | 32.7 | 40.7 | < 0.001 |
 Nephropathy | 31.4 | 26.9 | 29.9 | 37.1 | 0.057 |
 Peripheral neuropathy | 29.2 | 22.1 | 27.6 | 37.7 | 0.001 |
 Cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy | 18.5 | 17.4 | 17.8 | 19.8 | 0.81 |
Diabetes treatment (%) | |||||
 Metformin | 87.7 | 89.2 | 87.1 | 86.6 | 0.67 |
 Sulfonylureas | 43.2 | 47.3 | 40.4 | 41.8 | 0.30 |
 Insulin | 47.8 | 38.2 | 52.4 | 52.6 | 0.031 |
 Aspirin | 89.6 | 83.6 | 93.3 | 93.5 | 0.010 |
 Dyslipidemia (%) | 87.1 | 85.2 | 89.3 | 86.6 | 0.42 |
 Statins use (%) | 77.7 | 74.3 | 79.6 | 78.8 | 0.38 |
 Arterial hypertension (%) | 86.5 | 77.1 | 89.3 | 92.7 | < 0.001 |
 Number of anti-hypertensive drugs | 3 (1–3) | 2 (1–3) | 2 (1–3) | 3 (2–4) | < 0.001 |
 ACE inhibitors/AR blockers (%) | 81.2 | 69.6 | 84.9 | 88.8 | < 0.001 |
 Diuretics (%) | 62.6 | 47.8 | 61.3 | 78.0 | < 0.001 |
 Calcium channel blockers (%) | 28.0 | 21.0 | 29.3 | 33.6 | 0.010 |
 Beta-blockers (%) | 46.4 | 35.3 | 44.0 | 59.5 | < 0.001 |
Blood pressures (mmHg) | |||||
 Mean 12-month clinic SBP | 141 (20) | 132 (16) | 140 (16) | 151 (19) | < 0.001 |
 Mean 12-month clinic DBP | 80 (10) | 78 (8) | 79 (9) | 82 (10) | < 0.001 |
 Mean 24-month clinic SBP | 141 (18) | 132 (15) | 140 (15) | 150 (22) | < 0.001 |
 Mean 24-month clinic DBP | 79 (9) | 77 (8) | 78 (9) | 82 (12) | < 0.001 |
 Ambulatory 24 h SBP | 129 (15) | 124 (13) | 128 (12) | 134 (18) | < 0.001 |
 Ambulatory 24 h DBP | 74 (10) | 73 (8) | 73 (9) | 75 (12) | 0.13 |
Laboratory variables | |||||
 Mean 12-month HbA1c (%) | 7.7 (1.6) | 7.4 (1.4) | 7.8 (1.4) | 7.8 (1.6) | 0.005 |
Mean 12-month HbA1c (%) (mmol/mol) | 61 (17.5) | 57 (15.3) | 62 (15.3) | 62 (17.5) | Â |
 Mean 24-month HbA1c (%) | 7.7 (1.4) | 7.5 (1.5) | 7.8 (1.4) | 7.8 (1.4) | 0.044 |
Mean 24-month HbA1c (%) (mmol/mol) | 61 (15.3) | 58 (13.0) | 62 (15.3) | 62 (15.3) | Â |
 Mean 12-month triacylglycerol (mmol/mol) | 1.90 (1.54) | 1.80 (1.26) | 1.76 (1.08) | 2.12 (2.03) | 0.058 |
 Mean 24-month triacylglycerol (mmol/mol) | 1.90 (1.42) | 2.12 (1.48) | 1.80 (1.04) | 2.01 (1.67) | 0.21 |
 Mean 12-month HDL-cholesterol (mmol/mol) | 1.13 (0.49) | 1.18 (0.63) | 1.14 (0.32) | 1.11 (0.29) | 0.19 |
 Mean 24-month HDL-cholesterol (mmol/mol) | 1.14 (0.33) | 1.16 (0.39) | 1.15 (0.30) | 1.12 (0.28) | 0.34 |
 Mean 12-month LDL-cholesterol (mmol/mol) | 2.79 (0.85) | 2.71 (0.81) | 2.73 (0.81) | 2.90 (0.88) | 0.030 |
 Mean 24-month LDL-cholesterol (mmol/mol) | 2.72 (0.77) | 2.63 (0.71) | 2.71 (0.76) | 2.81 (0.81) | 0.037 |
 Glomerular filtration rate (ml/min/1.73 m2) | 81 (20) | 85 (21) | 82 (19) | 76 (20) | < 0.001 |
 Albuminuria (mg/24 h) | 13 (7–41) | 12 (6–26) | 13 (7–39) | 17 (8–72) | 0.003 |
Macrovascular outcomesa | |||||
 Total CVEs | 162 (2.72) | 41 (1.99) | 57 (2.73) | 64 (3.56) | 0.002 |
 Major CVEs | 132 (2.17) | 32 (1.51) | 46 (2.16) | 54 (2.95) | 0.001 |
 Cardiovascular mortality | 95 (1.52) | 24 (1.11) | 29 (1.32) | 42 (2.22) | 0.003 |
 All-cause mortality | 212 (3.38) | 51 (2.36) | 67 (3.05) | 94 (4.96) | < 0.001 |
Microvascular outcomesb | |||||
 Retinopathy (incident/worsening) (n = 524) | 153 (5.05) | 49 (4.42) | 49 (4.60) | 55 (6.44) | 0.031 |
 Renal composite (n = 614) | 193 (3.67) | 56 (3.08) | 66 (3.61) | 71 (4.46) | 0.048 |
 Microalbuminuria (incident) (n = 565) | 121 (2.53) | 36 (2.20) | 45 (2.73) | 40 (2.67) | 0.56 |
 Renal failure (n = 614) | 95 (1.61) | 27 (1.34) | 30 (1.45) | 38 (2.14) | 0.035 |
 Peripheral neuropathy (incident/worsening) (n = 506) | 171 (33.8) | 46 (24.7) | 69 (39.9) | 56 (38.1) | 0.004 |