Fig. 3

Risks of IS/SE and major bleeding for AF patients in different HbA1c categories. Compared with patients with an HbAc1 level of < 5.4%, the risk of IS/SE significantly increased when HbA1c level was higher than 6.5%, while the risk of IS/SE was similar for patients with HbA1c levels of 5.4%–5.6%, 5.7%–5.9%, and 6.0%–6.4%. In contrast to the risk of IS/SE, the risk of major bleeding was comparable across all HbA1c categories. *Risk of IS/SE was adjusted for CHA₂DS₂-VASc score, use of insulin or OHAs, use of warfarin or DOACs, and eGFR. †Risk of major bleeding was adjusted for HAS-BLED score, use of insulin or OHAs, use of warfarin or DOACs, and eGFR. AF = atrial fibrillation; CI = confidence interval; DOAC = direct oral anticoagulant; eGFR = estimated glomerular filtration rate; HbA1c = glycated hemoglobin A1c; aHR = adjusted hazard ratio; IS/SE = ischemic stroke or systemic embolism; OHA = oral hypoglycemic agent