Table 1 Baseline characteristics
Total study population (N = 107) | Healthy controls (N = 52) | Type 2 DM (N = 55) | P-value T2DM vs. control | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 51 ± 10 | 46 ± 9 | 56 ± 8 | < 0.001 |
Sex (% women) | 55.5 | 58.2 | 55.8 | 0.80 |
Race | 0.58 | |||
Caucasian (%) | 82.2 | 81.8 | 82.7 | |
African American (%) | 14.0 | 11.7 | 15.4 | |
Other (%) | 0.9 | 1.8 | 1.9 | |
Not reported (%) | 2.8 | 3.6 | 1 | |
Hispanic (%) | 1.9 | 3.7 | 0 | 0.50 |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 31.9 ± 8.0 | 28.3 ± 6.2 | 35.7 ± 8.0 | < 0.001 |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 126 ± 17 | 120 ± 2 | 133 ± 12 | < 0.001 |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 72 ± 10 | 72 ± 1 | 72 ± 1 | 0.85 |
Heart rate (beats/min)a | 67 ± 11 | 65 ± 1 | 69 ± 1 | 0.018 |
Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 179 ± 39 | 190 ± 40 | 167 ± 35 | 0.002 |
LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 102 ± 35 | 115 ± 34 | 88 ± 33 | < 0.001 |
HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 53 ± 15 | 55 ± 16 | 50 ± 14 | 0.10 |
Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 127 ± 79 | 101 ± 58 | 154 ± 90 | < 0.001 |
Glucose (mg/dL) | 104 ± 38 | 82 ± 10 | 127 ± 44 | < 0.001 |
Aspirin (% use) | 21.5 | 1.9 | 40 | < 0.01 |
Ace inhibitors/ARBs (% use) | 32.7 | 0 | 63.6 | < 0.01 |
HMG CoA reductase inhibitors (% use) | 26.1 | 0 | 50.9 | < 0.01 |
β-blockers (% use) | 9.3 | 0 | 18.2 | < 0.01 |
Calcium channel blockers (% use) | 9.3 | 0 | 18.2 | < 0.01 |
Metformin (% use) | 39.3 | 0 | 80.7 | < 0.01 |
Sulfonylureas (% use) | 14.0 | 0 | 28.8 | < 0.01 |
Thiazolidinediones (% use) | 1.9 | 0 | 3.9 | < 0.01 |
DPP4 inhibitors (% use) | 0.9 | 0 | 1.9 | NA |
SGLT2 inhibitors (% use) | 0 | 0 | 0 | NA |
GLP-1 agonists (% use) | 0 | 0 | 0 | NA |
Insulin (% use) | 0.9 | 0 | 1.9 | NA |
Prohibitin (ng/mL) | 13.6 ± 0.6 | 13.4 ± 0.8 | 13.9 ± 0.7 | 0.66 |
UCP2 (ng/mL) | 3.58 ± 0.27 | 4.11 ± 0.41 | 3.01 ± 0.34 | 0.045 |
Δψm (mV) | − 181 ± 10 | − 177 ± 11 | − 185 ± 9 | < 0.001 |