Table 1 Participant characteristics according to incremental glucose peak (IGP) tertiles
Characteristic | First tertile (n = 924) | Second tertile (n = 909) | Third tertile (n = 925) |
|---|---|---|---|
Age, years | 57.3 ± 8.2 | 60.0 ± 8.0 | 62.1 ± 7.7 |
Women | 569 (61.6) | 431 (47.4) | 330 (35.7) |
Body mass index, kg/m2 | 25.2 ± 3.6 | 26.4 ± 3.9 | 28.8 ± 4.6 |
Waist circumference, cm | |||
 Men | 95.1 ± 9.1 | 98.4 ± 10.0 | 105.2 ± 11.3 |
 Women | 85.4 ± 10.5 | 89.1 ± 11.4 | 96.5 ± 13.9 |
Office SBP, mmHg | 129.3 ± 16.6 | 134.2 ± 17.3 | 140.2 ± 17.7 |
Office DBP, mmHg | 74.7 ± 9.5 | 76.7 ± 10.3 | 78.1 ± 9.6 |
Ambulatory 24-h SBP, mmHg | 116.6 ± 10.9 | 119.0 ± 10.9 | 121.9 ± 12.4 |
Ambulatory 24-h DBP, mmHg | 73.6 ± 7.0 | 74.5 ± 7.2 | 74.3 ± 7.4 |
Mean arterial pressure, mmHg | 94.3 ± 10.3 | 96.9 ± 10.4 | 98.8 ± 10.1 |
Carotid pulse pressure, mmHg | 46.3 ± 14.1 | 49.7 ± 14.7 | 52.3 ± 16.0 |
Mean heart rate, beats/min | 60.7 ± 8.1 | 61.8 ± 9.0 | 64.5 ± 10.0 |
Physical activity, hours/week | 14.0 [9.5–19.0] | 13.5 [8.3–19.0] | 11.5 [7.5–17.4] |
Mediterranean diet score, (range: 0–9) | 4.6 ± 1.7 | 4.6 ± 1.7 | 4.3 ± 1.6 |
Smoking | |||
 Never/former/current | 368/451/91 | 315/463/125 | 261/511/135 |
 Never/former/current, % | 40.4/49.6/10.0 | 34.9/51.3/13.8 | 28.8/56.3/14.9 |
Fasting plasma glucose (FPG), mmol/L | 5.2 ± 0.5 | 5.5 ± 0.7 | 6.8 ± 1.3 |
2-h post-load glucose, mmol/L | 5.1 ± 1.1 | 6.3 ± 1.7 | 12.3 ± 4.6 |
Glucose metabolism status | |||
 NGM/prediabetes/type 2 diabetes | 858/53/13 | 672/203/34 | 132/192/601 |
 NGM/prediabetes/type 2 diabetes, % | 92.9/5.7/1.4 | 73.9/22.3/3.7 | 14.3/20.8/65.0 |
Newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes | 10 (1.1) | 7 (0.8) | 92 (9.9) |
Incremental glucose peak (IGP), mmol/L | 2.2 [1.8–2.7] | 4.1 [3.6–4.7] | 8.1 [6.5–10.0] |
HbA1c, % | 5.4 ± 0.3 | 5.6 ± 0.4 | 6.3 ± 0.7 |
HbA1c, mmol/mol | 35.8 ± 3.7 | 37.4 ± 4.5 | 45.2 ± 7.8 |
Fasting plasma insulin, pmol/L | 52.4 [38.3–71.0] | 59.6 [41.7–86.8] | 81.9 [51.5–125.5] |
HOMA2-IR | 1.2 [0.9–1.5] | 1.3 [1.0–2.0] | 2.0 [1.2–2.9] |
Triglycerides, mmol/L | 1.0 [0.8–1.4] | 1.2 [0.9–1.6] | 1.5 [1.1–2.1] |
Total-to-HDL cholesterol ratio | 3.3 [2.8–4.1] | 3.5 [2.9–4.4] | 3.6 [3.0–4.5] |
Total cholesterol, mmol/L | 5.5 ± 1.0 | 5.5 ± 1.1 | 4.9 ± 1.2 |
LDL cholesterol, mmol/L | 3.4 ± 0.9 | 3.3 ± 1.0 | 2.8 ± 1.1 |
HDL cholesterol, mmol/L | 1.7 ± 0.4 | 1.6 ± 0.5 | 1.3 ± 0.4 |
Lipid-modifying medication use | 145 (15.7) | 219 (24.1) | 558 (60.5) |
Antihypertensive medication use | 197 (21.3) | 276 (30.4) | 546 (59.2) |
Diabetes medication use | 1 (0.1) | 21 (2.3) | 449 (48.6) |
 Insulin | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
 Metformin | 1 (0.1) | 20 (2.2) | 423 (45.8) |
 Sulfonylureas | 0 (0) | 3 (0.3) | 149 (16.1) |
 Thiazolidinediones | 0 (0) | 1 (0.1) | 8 (0.9) |
 GLP-1 analogs | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 6 (0.7) |
 DDP-4 inhibitors | 0 (0) | 1 (0.1) | 50 (5.4) |
History of CVD | 110 (12.3) | 116 (13.1) | 174 (19.4) |
eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 90.7 ± 13.2 | 88.5 ± 13.3 | 86.0 ± 15.6 |
eGFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 | 14 (1.5) | 20 (2.2) | 58 (6.3) |
(Micro)albuminuria | 31 (3.4) | 49 (5.4) | 120 (13.0) |
Retinopathy | 0 (0) | 2 (0.2) | 14 (1.6) |
Carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cf-PWV), m/s | 8.3 ± 1.7 | 8.8 ± 1.9 | 9.7 ± 2.2 |
Carotid distensibility coefficient (carDC), 10−3/kPa | 15.6 ± 5.4 | 14.4 ± 5.1 | 13.2 ± 4.8 |
Carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT), µm | 846.3 ± 150.3 | 854.4 ± 155.8 | 876.1 ± 161.1 |
Mean circumferential wall stress (CWSmean), kPa | 43.8 [37.8–50.9] | 46.5 [40.8–53.0] | 47.5 [41.0–56.0] |
Pulsatile circumferential wall stress (CWSpuls), kPa | 20.9 [16.3–26.4] | 23.1 [18.6–28.9] | 24.2 [19.0–31.3] |
Retinal arteriolar average dilatation, % | 3.1 [1.1–5.3] | 2.8 [1.1–5.2] | 2.1 [0.5–4.4] |
Heat-induced skin hyperemia, % | 1110.5 [666.3–1592.3] | 1027.6 [633.3–1587.3] | 868.6 [521.3–1318.0] |