Table 1 Clinical features of the study subjects

n

883

177

595

184

Males (%)

57.0

75.7

< 0.001

50.4

71.7

< 0.001

Age (years)

61.0 ± 11.5

64.8 ± 9.2

< 0.001

61.2 ± 8.6

64.2 ± 8.5

< 0.001

Age at diabetes diagnosis (years)

53 ± 12

54 ± 11

0.65

49 ± 10

50 ± 11

0.43

Diabetes duration (years)

7.9 ± 8.7

11.2 ± 9.7

< 0.001

11.8 ± 8.4

14.1 ± 9.6

< 0.01

BMI (kg/m²)

31.3 ± 6.4

30.1 ± 4.9

< 0.02

30.9 ± 5.2

30.8 ± 4.8

0.56

HbA1c (%)

7.49 ± 1.64

7.74 ± 1.80

0.13

8.57 ± 1.89

8.61 ± 1.81

0.81

Total cholesterol (mg/dl)

190.9 ± 43.6

170.6 ± 42.9

< 0.001

192.2 ± 46.6

173.3 ± 46.2

< 0.001

HDL cholesterol (mg/dl)

46.7 ± 14.2

44.1 ± 11.9

0.02

45.1 ± 12.5

44.1 ± 15.9

0.37

Triglycerides (mg/dl)

157.9 ± 99.9

156.4 ± 95.5

0.84

152.8 ± 100.1

159.4 ± 102.4

0.74

Glucose-lowering therapy (%)

63.3

79.1

< 0.001

83.7

85.9

0.48

Anti-hypertensive therapy (%)

70.1

90.4

< 0.001

70.8

88.6

< 0.001

Anti-dyslipidemic therapy (%)

34.7

70.6

< 0.001

40.3

73.9

< 0.001

Ever smoked (%)

44.8

64.4

< 0.001

33.9

44.0

< 0.02