Table 2 General characteristics among participants with and without DKD

N

1528

592

1705

678

Demographic parameter

 Age, years

66.75 ± 8.26

69.47 ± 9.34*

66.94 ± 7.23

69.61 ± 8.54*

 Duration of diabetes, years

9.36 ± 7.41

12.35 ± 8.47*

9.51 ± 7.88

11.94 ± 8.37*

 HbA1c, %

7.41 ± 1.27

8.02 ± 1.6*

7.29 ± 1.26

7.71 ± 1.46*

 BMI, kg/m²

24.77 ± 3.24

25.54 ± 3.41*

24.54 ± 3.71

25.75 ± 3.89*

 Smoking, %

34.9

38.7

2.5

2.4

 Hypertension, %

73.7

89.9*

76.1

90.7*

 Dyslipidemia, %

61.5

68.4*

59

64.5*

Sex hormone levels

 TT, nmol/L

15.13 ± 5.89

13.99 ± 5.89*

0.61 ± 0.55

0.63 ± 0.46

 E2, pmol/L

122.3 (173.9, 243.63)

110.98 (172.65, 242.88)

79.35 (117.7, 163.85)

77.78 (121.6, 171.4)*

 DHEA, pg/mL

190.73 ± 96.65

192.03 ± 109.8

128.5 ± 66.62

131.72 ± 71.56

 FSH, IU/L

11.77 ± 9.33

14.55 ± 13.97*

54.35 ± 22.12

58.39 ± 26.78*

 LH, IU/L

7.87 ± 4.4

10.24 ± 7.6*

25.49 ± 10.63

27.99 ± 14.53*

Renal function index

 lnACR

2.19 ± 0.63

4.46 ± 1.26*

2.32 ± 0.64

4.27 ± 1.12*

 High ACR, %

0

92.6*

0

91.8*

 eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m²

93.51 ± 12.65

81.84 ± 23.75*

94.71 ± 12.15

84.98 ± 22.72*