Table 2 Diagnoses (primary or secondary), surgical procedures, and pharmacotherapy used for defining the study population, comorbidity, concomitant treatment, and outcomes

Study population

 Heart failure

Defined from diagnosis codes including heart failure, cardiomyopathies, hypertensive heart failure

ICD-10: I110, I130, I132, I42, I426-29, I50

ICD-8: 425, 428

Diabetes

Defined from treatment with glucose-lowering drugs

ATC: A10

Comorbidity

 Diabetes

ICD-10: E10-E14

ICD-8: 250

 Stroke

ICD-10: I60-I64

ICD-8: 430-434, 436

 Ischemic heart disease

ICD-10: I21-25

ICD-8: 410-414

 Chronic kidney disease

Defined from diagnosis codes of chronic glomerulonephritis, chronic tubulointerstitial nephropathy, chronic kidney disease, and diabetic and hypertensive nephropathy.

ICD-10: N02-N04, N18-N19, I12, I13

ICD-8: 582-6, 588

 Atrial fibrillation

ICD-10: I48

42,793, 42,793

 Cancer

Defined from all cancer diagnosis codes, excluding non-melanoma skin cancer

ICD-10: C00-C97

ICD-8: 140-209

 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

ICD-10: J42, J44

ICD-8: 490–492

 Hypertension

ICD 10: I10-I15

ICD-8: 400-404

Concomitant pharmacotherapy

 Statins

ATC: C10A

 Beta-blockers

ATC: C07

 Aldosterone antagonists

ATC: CO3D

 Platelet inhibitors

ATC: B01AC04, BO1AC06

 Digoxin

ATC: C01AA05

 Thiazides

ATC CO3A

 Renin angiotensin system inhibitors

Including angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers

ATC: C09

 Loop diuretics

ATC: C03CA01

 Insulin

ATC: A10A

 Metformin

ATC A10BA02

 Sulfonylurea

ATC: A10BB

 Thiazolide

ATC: A10BG

 Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor

ATC: A10BB

 Glucagon-like peptide-1

ATC: A10BG

 Sodium-glucose co-transporter-2

ATC: A10BK

 Combination of two anti-diabetic drugs

Either a combination of metformin, sulfonylurea, thiazolidinedione, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor, sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 or glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist

ATC: A10BD