Table 1 Baseline participant characteristic by Hp phenotypes

Age (years)

58.13 ± 10.16

59.05 ± 11.64

58.73 ± 11.51

0.737

58.54 ± 12.94

57.70 ± 12.64

59.10 ± 12.22

0.163

Female (%)

40.9

47.2

45.5

0.486

41.4

34.8

39.6

0.154

Smoking history (%)

–

–

–

0.788

–

–

–

0.932

Current

8.2

7.8

9.1

–

14.0

13.8

11.5

–

Ex

9.1

7.6

7.8

–

15.5

16.4

15.8

–

Never

82.7

84.6

83.1

–

70.5

69.9

72.7

–

BMI (kg/m²)

26.15 ± 4.12

26.75 ± 5.00

26.27 ± 4.47

0.231

26.18 ± 4.68

26.07 ± 5.26

26.21 ± 4.41

0.895

HbA1c (%)

8.14 ± 1.69

7.61 ± 1.43

7.81 ± 1.60

0.018

8.06 ± 1.82

8.31 ± 1.96

8.13 ± 1.81

0.178

Diabetes duration (years)

11.12 ± 7.63

12.15 ± 9.88

12.60 ± 10.06

0.346

12.24 ± 10.00

11.83 ± 8.90

11.92 ± 9.05

0.894

SBP (mm Hg)

140.35 ± 17.40

143.05 ± 18.61

141.62 ± 20.47

0.323

135.81 ± 19.60

134.46 ± 18.78

137.16 ± 20.20

0.067

DBP (mm Hg)

77.64 ± 8.35

78.99 ± 9.45

78.53 ± 9.67

0.383

77.53 ± 11.51

76.53 ± 10.29

76.76 ± 10.98

0.634

TC (mmol/L)

4.42 ± 1.05

4.40 ± 0.89

4.41 ± 0.95

0.954

4.60 ± 0.96

4.63 ± 1.16

4.63 ± 1.11

0.947

HDL (mmol/L)

1.36 ± 0.36

1.32 ± 0.36

1.34 ± 0.36

0.419

1.33 ± 0.40

1.28 ± 0.36

1.29 ± 0.38

0.375

LDL (mmol/L)

2.73 ± 0.89

2.70 ± 0.79

2.72 ± 0.81

0.942

2.78 ± 0.84

2.73 ± 0.86

2.74 ± 0.79

0.775

TG (mmol/L)

1.65 ± 0.98

1.73 ± 1.32

1.68 ± 1.75

0.829

1.70 ± 1.05

1.93 ± 1.44

1.80 ± 1.21

0.116

uACR (mg/g)

24.0 (7.0–103.0)

21.0 (5.8–132.3)

25.0 (7.0–116.5)

0.847

39.4 (12.0–109.5)

44.0 (11.0–239.0)

37.0 (10.0–228)

0.322

eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m²)

84.59 ± 28.07

83.16 ± 28.61

84.82 ± 26.92

0.649

75.52 ± 27.86

78.69 ± 29.90

77.30 ± 29.01

0.467

Medication (%)

Insulin

22.7

27.4

24.8

0.505

26.3

34.8

30.4

0.097

RAS antagonist

55.5

62.1

58.9

0.364

60.2

64.5

46.6

0.589

Lipid lowering

80.0

82.0

83.8

0.573

71.8

73.7

74.9

0.731