Table 1 Baseline characteristics of participants stratified according to DM at follow-up
Demographics | All participants | No DM | DM | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
N | 1710 | 1655 (96.8%) | 55 (3.2%) | |
Age (years) | 56.8 (16.3) | 56.4 (16.4) | 65.5 (10.9) | < 0.001 |
Male | 676 (39.5%) | 648 (39.2%) | 28 (50.9%) | 0.08 |
Clinical characteristics | ||||
Systolic BP (mmHg) | 133.9 (22.4) | 133.4 (22.4) | 148.2 (18.6) | < 0.001 |
Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 77.8 (12.0) | 77.6 (12.1) | 82.6 (10.3) | 0.002 |
Hypertension | 665 (39.0%) | 625 (37.9%) | 40 (72.7%) | < 0.001 |
MAP (mmHg) | 96.5 (13.9) | 96.2 (13.9) | 104.5 (11.2) | < 0.001 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 25.1 (3.7) | 25.0 (3.7) | 28.6 (4.4) | < 0.001 |
Heart rate (BPM) | 67 (11) | 67 (11) | 71 (11) | 0.008 |
Smoking | 525 (30.7%) | 504 (30.5%) | 21 (38.2%) | 0.22 |
Ischemic heart disease | 82 (4.8%) | 74 (4.5%) | 8 (14.5%) | < 0.001 |
Heart failure | 16 (0.9%) | 16 (1.0%) | 0 (0%) | 0.46 |
Glucose (mmol/L) | 5.5 (1.0) | 5.5 (1.0) | 6.2 (1.5) | < 0.001 |
HBA1c (%) | 5.8 (0.5) | 5.7 (0.5) | 6.0 (0.5) | < 0.001 |
Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.5 (0.8) | 1.5 (0.8) | 2.0 (1.2) | < 0.001 |
eGFR (mL/min) | 76 (16) | 76 (16) | 76 (17) | 0.94 |
Pro-BNP (pmol/L) | 16, (8-30) | 16 (7-30) | 17 (11-30) | 0.47 |
Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 5.5 (1.2) | 5.5 (1.2) | 5.7 (1.0) | 0.30 |
Blood pressure lowering medication | 222 (13.0%) | 202 (12.2%) | 20 (36.4%) | < 0.001 |
Lipid lowering medication | 224 (13.1%) | 207 (12.5%) | 17 (30.9%) | < 0.001 |
Echocardiography | ||||
LVEF (%) | 59.7 (1.9) | 59.7 (1.9) | 59.9 (1.0) | 0.61 |
LVIDd/height (cm/m) | 2.8 (0.3) | 2.8 (0.3) | 2.8 (0.3) | 0.52 |
LVMI (g/m2) | 85.7 (22.1) | 85.4 (21.9) | 93.0 (24.4) | 0.013 |
PWT (cm) | 0.9 (0.2) | 0.9 (0.2) | 1.0 (0.2) | < 0.001 |
AWT (cm) | 0.9 (0.2) | 0.9 (0.2) | 1.0 (0.2) | < 0.001 |
RWT (cm) | 0.38 (0.08) | 0.37 (0.08) | 0.42 (0.11) | < 0.001 |
IVSD (cm) | 1.0 (0.2) | 1.0 (0.2) | 1.1 (0.2) | < 0.001 |
LV concentric geometry | 361 (21.1%) | 338 (20.4%) | 23 (41.8%) | < 0.001 |
LV hypertrophy categories | < 0.001 | |||
Normal geometry | 1178 (69.1%) | 1153 (69.9%) | 25 (45.5%) | |
Concentric remodeling | 270 (15.8%) | 253 (15.3%) | 17 (30.9%) | |
Eccentric hypertrohpy | 166 (9.7%) | 159 (9.6%) | 7 (12.7%) | |
Concentric hypertrohpy | 91 (5.3%) | 85 (5.2%) | 6 (10.9%) | |
LAVI (mL/m2) | 19.4 (6.7) | 19.4 (6.9) | 20.2 (7.0) | 0.44 |
E (m/s) | 0.7 (0.2) | 0.7 (0.2) | 0.7 (0.2) | 0.18 |
A (m/s) | 0.7 (0.2) | 0.7 (0.2) | 0.8 (0.2) | < 0.001 |
E/A | 1.2 (0.5) | 1.2 (0.5) | 0.9 (0.3) | < 0.001 |
E/e′ | 10.9 (4.7) | 10.8 (4.6) | 13.2 (4.9) | < 0.001 |
DT (ms) | 165 (39) | 165 (39) | 177 (42) | 0.026 |
s′ (cm/s) | 5.9 (1.3) | 6.0 (1.3) | 5.7 (1.2) | 0.16 |
e′ (cm/s) | 7.5 (2.7) | 7.6 (2.7) | 5.9 (2.2) | < 0.001 |
a′ (cm/s) | 6.4 (1.9) | 6.3 (1.9) | 7.1 (1.9) | 0.008 |