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Table 1 Characteristics of study group for adolescents with T1DM and healthy controls

From: Low cholesterol efflux capacity and abnormal lipoprotein particles in youth with type 1 diabetes: a case control study

Variable

Diabetes (N = 78)

Controls (N = 59)

P-value

Adjusted P-value

Demographic and clinical characteristics

Age, years

16.7 ± 1.8

17.3 ± 2.4

0.090

 

Sex female (%)

45 (57.7%)

28 (47.5)

0.234

 

Body mass index, kg/m2

23.3 ± 3.7

21.8 ± 3.8

0.020

 

BMI z score

0.46 ± 0.86

− 0.06 ± 1.06

0.002

 

Ethnicity, n = Caucasian (%)

58 (74%)

26 (44%)

< 0.001

 

Diabetes duration, years

3 (2.0–4.0)

–

  

Insulin dose (units/kg/day)

0.81 ± 0.32

–

  

Carotid intima media thickness mean (mm)

0.478 ± 0.057

0.472 ± 0.054

0.530

0.964

Carotid intima media thickness max (mm)

0.538 ± 0.073

0.525 ± 0.063

0.297

0.942

Clinical and lab values

SBP

111 ± 11

111 ± 10

0.717

0.411

SBP z score

− 0.29 ± 0.94

− 0.19 ± 0.86

0.490

0.295

DBP

62 ± 8

63 ± 8

0.357

0.365

DBP z score

− 0.42 ± 0.69

− 0.37 ± 0.81

0.695

0.273

Total cholesterol, mg/dL

142.2 ± 26.1

133.9 ± 23.1

0.060

0.046

HDL cholesterol, mg/dL

56.9 ± 10.2

57.9 ± 10.6

0.592

0.448

LDL cholesterol, mg/dL

74.6 ± 24.8

66.3 ± 22.2

0.051

0.041

Triglycerides, mg/dL

83.4 ± 33.3

81.4 ± 30.9

0.726

0.885

High sensitive C-reactive protein, mg/L

0.6 (0.25–1.45)

0.3 (0.2–0.8)

0.019

0.074

HDL efflux capacity

0.98 ± 0.11

1.05 ± 0.15

0.003

0.038

HbA1c

8.40 ± 1.35

5.33 ± 0.43

< 0.001

< 0.001

NMR values

HDL particle number

30.50 (27.7–33.9)

30.6 (29.1–32.7)

0.755

0.364

Small HDL particle number

11.20 (5.7–15.3)

7.0 (3.2–13.1)

0.021

0.026

Medium HDL particle number

11.20 (8.5–14.5)

12.3 (9–19.4)

0.049

0.013

Large HDL particle number

7.8 (6.1–9.7)

8.4 (6.3–10.4)

0.235

0.433

HDL-z

9.9 (9.5–10.2)

9.9 (9.6–10.3)

0.314

0.373

LDL particle number

724 (563–985)

622 (476–794)

0.011

0.017

Small LDL particle number

300 (0.1–431)

242 (0.1–343)

0.053

0.078

Large LDL particle number

259 (80–404)

197 (54–359)

0.243

0.129

LDL-z

20.6 (20.1–21.1)

20.7 (20.1–21.2)

0.510

0.931

VLDL particle number

40.5 (29.5–49.1)

35.5 (29.9–46.5)

0.163

0.299

Small VLDL particle number

31.1 (23.6–37.5)

27 (15.2–32.4)

0.023

0.028

Medium VLDL particle number

8.3 (3.9–13.2)

9.3 (4.5–12.2)

0.710

0.295

Large VLDL particle number

1.8 (1.1–3.1)

2.2 (1.2–4.5)

0.187

0.296

VLDL z

46.5 (43.9–49.2)

49.5 (45.2–53.2)

0.005

0.007

Apolipoprotein A

141.6 (129.7–157.3)

143.1 (128.6–157.2)

0.802

0.963

Apolipoprotein B

75.9 (63.7–83.4)

62.8 (53.3–74.3)

0.001

0.001

Ratio of Apo A/Apo B

2.03 (1.59–2.32)

2.29 (1.92–2.69)

0.004

0.004

  1. All values are expressed as mean ± SD or median (25–75th percentile). P-value is calculated between groups for variables using unpaired t-test for continuous variables, Pearson’s Chi squared test for categorical variables and Rank sum for non-parametric tests. Adjusted P values show the significance level of the differences based on robust regression models adjusted for ethnicity and BMI z score. z is reported as nanometer; Tg and cholesterol are reported as milligrams per deciliter, HDLp (total, small, medium and large) are reported as micromoles per liter, whereas LDLp and VLDLp (all sizes) are reported as nanomoles per liter
  2. Italic values indicate significance of P value (P < 0.05 )
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Cardiovascular Diabetology

ISSN: 1475-2840