Demographic and clinical characteristics
|
Age, years
|
16.7 ± 1.8
|
17.3 ± 2.4
|
0.090
| |
Sex female (%)
|
45 (57.7%)
|
28 (47.5)
|
0.234
| |
Body mass index, kg/m2
|
23.3 ± 3.7
|
21.8 ± 3.8
|
0.020
| |
BMI z score
|
0.46 ± 0.86
|
− 0.06 ± 1.06
|
0.002
| |
Ethnicity, n = Caucasian (%)
|
58 (74%)
|
26 (44%)
|
< 0.001
| |
Diabetes duration, years
|
3 (2.0–4.0)
|
–
| | |
Insulin dose (units/kg/day)
|
0.81 ± 0.32
|
–
| | |
Carotid intima media thickness mean (mm)
|
0.478 ± 0.057
|
0.472 ± 0.054
|
0.530
|
0.964
|
Carotid intima media thickness max (mm)
|
0.538 ± 0.073
|
0.525 ± 0.063
|
0.297
|
0.942
|
Clinical and lab values
|
SBP
|
111 ± 11
|
111 ± 10
|
0.717
|
0.411
|
SBP z score
|
− 0.29 ± 0.94
|
− 0.19 ± 0.86
|
0.490
|
0.295
|
DBP
|
62 ± 8
|
63 ± 8
|
0.357
|
0.365
|
DBP z score
|
− 0.42 ± 0.69
|
− 0.37 ± 0.81
|
0.695
|
0.273
|
Total cholesterol, mg/dL
|
142.2 ± 26.1
|
133.9 ± 23.1
|
0.060
|
0.046
|
HDL cholesterol, mg/dL
|
56.9 ± 10.2
|
57.9 ± 10.6
|
0.592
|
0.448
|
LDL cholesterol, mg/dL
|
74.6 ± 24.8
|
66.3 ± 22.2
|
0.051
|
0.041
|
Triglycerides, mg/dL
|
83.4 ± 33.3
|
81.4 ± 30.9
|
0.726
|
0.885
|
High sensitive C-reactive protein, mg/L
|
0.6 (0.25–1.45)
|
0.3 (0.2–0.8)
|
0.019
|
0.074
|
HDL efflux capacity
|
0.98 ± 0.11
|
1.05 ± 0.15
|
0.003
|
0.038
|
HbA1c
|
8.40 ± 1.35
|
5.33 ± 0.43
|
< 0.001
|
< 0.001
|
NMR values
|
HDL particle number
|
30.50 (27.7–33.9)
|
30.6 (29.1–32.7)
|
0.755
|
0.364
|
Small HDL particle number
|
11.20 (5.7–15.3)
|
7.0 (3.2–13.1)
|
0.021
|
0.026
|
Medium HDL particle number
|
11.20 (8.5–14.5)
|
12.3 (9–19.4)
|
0.049
|
0.013
|
Large HDL particle number
|
7.8 (6.1–9.7)
|
8.4 (6.3–10.4)
|
0.235
|
0.433
|
HDL-z
|
9.9 (9.5–10.2)
|
9.9 (9.6–10.3)
|
0.314
|
0.373
|
LDL particle number
|
724 (563–985)
|
622 (476–794)
|
0.011
|
0.017
|
Small LDL particle number
|
300 (0.1–431)
|
242 (0.1–343)
|
0.053
|
0.078
|
Large LDL particle number
|
259 (80–404)
|
197 (54–359)
|
0.243
|
0.129
|
LDL-z
|
20.6 (20.1–21.1)
|
20.7 (20.1–21.2)
|
0.510
|
0.931
|
VLDL particle number
|
40.5 (29.5–49.1)
|
35.5 (29.9–46.5)
|
0.163
|
0.299
|
Small VLDL particle number
|
31.1 (23.6–37.5)
|
27 (15.2–32.4)
|
0.023
|
0.028
|
Medium VLDL particle number
|
8.3 (3.9–13.2)
|
9.3 (4.5–12.2)
|
0.710
|
0.295
|
Large VLDL particle number
|
1.8 (1.1–3.1)
|
2.2 (1.2–4.5)
|
0.187
|
0.296
|
VLDL z
|
46.5 (43.9–49.2)
|
49.5 (45.2–53.2)
|
0.005
|
0.007
|
Apolipoprotein A
|
141.6 (129.7–157.3)
|
143.1 (128.6–157.2)
|
0.802
|
0.963
|
Apolipoprotein B
|
75.9 (63.7–83.4)
|
62.8 (53.3–74.3)
|
0.001
|
0.001
|
Ratio of Apo A/Apo B
|
2.03 (1.59–2.32)
|
2.29 (1.92–2.69)
|
0.004
|
0.004
|