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Table 1 Clinical characteristics of study population as overall patients (n 559), and GLP-1 agonist therapy (n 288) vs. no-GLP-1 agonist therapy patients (n 271) at baseline
| Parameters | Overall population (n 559) | GLP-1 receptor agonist therapy (n 288) | No GLP-1 agonist therapy (n 271) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 72 ± 6 | 72 ± 7 | 72 ± 6 | – |
| Male (%) | 403 (72.1) | 206 (71.5) | 197 (72.6) | – |
| Smokers (%) | 108 (52.4) | 49 (49.5) | 59 (55.1) | – |
| Hypertension (%) | 394 (70.5) | 200 (69.4) | 194 (71.6) | – |
| Dyslipidemia (%) | 193 (34.5) | 101 (35.1) | 92 (33.9) | – |
| Plasma glucose (mg/dL) | 197.4 ± 21.4 | 197.4 ± 24.6 | 197.8 ± 23.2 | – |
| HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 58.1 ± 16.1 | 58.2 ± 16.2 | 58.0 ± 16.0 | – |
| Basal GLP-1 (pmol/L) | 6.29 ± 0.65 | 5.86 ± 0.68 | 5.82 ± 0.62 | – |
| Postprandial GLP-1 (pmol/L) | 14.49 ± 2.79 | 13.17 ± 2.76 | 12.5 ± 2.83 | – |
| BMI > 30 kg/m2 (%) | 35 (6.3) | 18 (6.2) | 17 (6.3) | – |
| COPD (%) | 96 (17.2) | 50 (17.4) | 46 (17) | – |
| Renal disease (%) | 107 (19.1) | 56 (19.4) | 51 (18.9) | – |
| Ischemic heart failure (%) | 381 (68%) | 195 (67.7) | 186 (68.6) | – |
| II NYHA class (%) | 133 (23.8) | 67 (23.3) | 66 (24.4) | – |
| III NYHA class (%) | 426 (76.2) | 221 (76.7) | 205 (75.6) | – |
| QRS duration (ms) | 138.5 ± 9.4 | 137.8 ± 9.2 | 139.2 ± 9.6 | – |
| 6MWT | 187.90 ± 26.10 | 188.82 ± 26.45 | 186.93 ± 25.74 | – |
| CRTd bipolar pacing (%) | 121 (21.6) | 65 (22.6) | 56 (20.6) | – |
| CRTd multipolar pacing (%) | 438 (78.4) | 227 (78.8) | 211 (77.8) | – |
| Echocardiographic parameters | 288 | 271 | ||
| LVEF (%) | 27 ± 5 | 27 ± 6 | 28 ± 4 | – |
| LVEDd (mm) | 67 ± 8 | 69 ± 6 | 66 ± 9 | – |
| LVESd (mm) | 43 ± 7 | 42 ± 6 | 44 ± 8 | – |
| LVEDv (mL) | 197 ± 39 | 194 ± 29 | 200 ± 48 | – |
| LVESv (mL) | 135 ± 28 | 133 ± 21 | 138 ± 35 | – |
| Mitral insufficiency | ||||
| + (%) | 280 (50.1) | 131 (45.5) | 133 (49.2) | – |
| ++ (%) | 217 (38.8) | 110 (38.2) | 106 (39.1) | – |
| +++ (%) | 62 (11.1) | 47 (16.3) | 32 (11.8) | – |
| Medications at baseline | ||||
| Amiodarone (%) | 117 (20.9) | 60 (20.8) | 57 (21) | – |
| Aspirin (%) | 225 (40.2) | 119 (41.3) | 106 (39.1) | – |
| ACE inhibitors (%) | 152 (27.2) | 132 (45.8) | 120 (44.2) | – |
| ARS blockers (%) | 168 (30) | 85 (29.5) | 83 (30.6) | – |
| Sacubitril/valsartan (%) | 140 (25) | 73 (25.3) | 67 (24.7) | – |
| Beta blockers | ||||
| Carvedilol (%) | 171 (30.6) | 89 (30.9) | 82 (30.3) | – |
| Bisoprolol (%) | 82 (39.8) | 37 (37.4) | 45 (42) | – |
| Warfarin (%) | 196 (35.1) | 97 (33.7) | 99 (36.5) | – |
| NOAC (%) | 111 (19.9) | 57 (19.8) | 54 (19.9) | – |
| Tiklopidine (%) | 10 (1.8) | 5 (1.7) | 5 (1.8) | – |
| Calcium antagonist (%) | 19 (3.4) | 11 (3.8) | 8 (3.0) | – |
| Ivabradine (%) | 165 (29.5) | 89 (30.9) | 76 (28) | – |
| Digoxin (%) | 176 (31.5) | 87 (30.2) | 89 (32.8) | – |
| Loop diuretics (%) | 506 (90.5) | 265 (92) | 241 (88.9) | – |
| Aldosterone blockers (%) | 361 (64.6) | 180 (62.5) | 181 (66.8) | – |
| Statins (%) | 397 (71) | 202 (70.1) | 195 (72) | – |
| Anti diabetic drugs, n (%) | ||||
| Insulins (%) | 63 (11.3) | 33 (11.5) | 30 (11.1) | – |
| Metformin (%) | 175 (31.3) | 87 (30.2) | 90 (33.2) | – |
| Sulfonylureas (%) | 109 (19.5) | 56 (19.4) | 53 (19.6) | – |
| Thiazolidinediones (%) | 41 (7.3) | 22 (7.6) | 19 (7.1) | – |
| GLP-1 agonist (%) | 288 (48.1) | 288 (100) | – | – |
| GLP1 agonist (%) | ||||
| Liraglutide | 71 (12) | 68 (23.6) | – | – |
| Lixenatide | 117 (21) | 220 (76.4) | – | – |
| DPP4 inhibitors (%) | ||||
| Sitagliptin | – | – | – | – |
| Linagliptin | – | – | – | – |
| Biomarkers | ||||
| Lymphocytes | 7.92 ± 2.13 | 7.92 ± 2.12 | 7.62 ± 2.36 | – |
| Neutrophiles | 5.31 ± 1.81 | 5.32 ± 1.80 | 5.26 ± 2.07 | – |
| BNP (pg/mL) | 365.5 ± 9.98 | 353.71 ± 13.45 | 378.03 ± 14.8 | – |
| CRP (mg/L) | 9.39 ± 0.51 | 9.43 ± 0. 57 | 9.14 ± 0.56 | – |
| IL6 (pg/mL) | 6.65 ± 0.03 | 6.58 ± 0.02 | 6.74 ± 0.05 | – |
| TNFa (pg/mL) | 6.37 ± 0.01 | 6.36 ± 0.02 | 6.37 ± 0.02 | – |
