Perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) in atherosclerosis: a double-edged sword

Table 1 Role of adipokines in atherosclerosis

Adipocytokines	Role	Function	References
Adiponectin	Protective	Improve endothelial dysfunction Modulate immune response Promote cholesterol efflux Polarization of macrophages AMPK agonist	[80,81,82] [83] [84] [85] [86]
Vaspin	Protective	Inhibit ros generation	[90]
Apelin	Protective	Enhance cholesterol efflux	[91]
Ometin-1	Protective	Reduce activation of inflammatory macrophages	[92]
Leptin	Detrimental	Promote endothelial dysfunction Promote macrophage infiltration VSMCS proliferation	[93] [94] [97]
Resistin	Detrimental	Promote endothelial dysfunction Facilitate macrophage recruitment	[94] [98]
Chemerin	Detrimental	Promote endothelial dysfunction Promote leukocyte recruitment	[95] [99]
Visfatin	Detrimental	VSMCS proliferation Macrophage maturation Polarization of macrophages	[109] [114] [115]
FABP	Detrimental	Activate inflammatory macrophages	[116]
LCN-2	Detrimental	Activate inflammatory macrophages	[116]

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