Table 1 Characteristics of study population in pregnancy and at 1-year postpartum, stratified into the following 4 groups based on gestational glucose tolerance status: normal GCT NGT, abnormal GCT NGT, GIGT, and GDM

In pregnancy

 Age (years)

35 ± 4

35 ± 4

34 ± 4

35 ± 4

 Ethnicity

  White (%)

75.0

74.7

67.8

65.8

  Asian (%)

6.6

9.1

11.9

17.1

  Other (%)

18.4

16.2

20.3

17.1

 Family history of T2DM (%)

54.0

59.6

64.4

64.8

 Fasting glucose on OGTT (mmol/L)

4.3 ± 0.4

4.4 ± 0.3

4.6 ± 0.5

4.9 ± 0.7

 1-h glucose on OGTT (mmol/L)

7.7 ± 1.2

8.4 ± 1.3

10.2 ± 1.3

11.3 ± 1.6

 2-h glucose on OGTT (mmol/L)

6.7 ± 1.1

7.4 ± 1.0

8.4 ± 1.1

10.4 ± 1.5

 3-h glucose on OGTT (mmol/L)

5.9 ± 1.2

5.8 ± 1.3

7.2 ± 1.3

8.1 ± 1.7

At 1-year postpartum

 Months breastfeeding (months)

11 (6–12)

10 (6–12)

9 (4–12)

10 (3–12)

 BMI (kg/m²)

24.4 (21.5–28.4)

23.6 (21.8–27.8)

25.4 (23.1–30.1)

25.4 (22.5–29.4)

 Waist circumference (cm)

87 ± 12

85 ± 11

89 ± 13

89 ± 14

 Fasting glucose on OGTT (mmol/L)

4.6 ± 0.3

4.6 ± 0.4

4.9 ± 0.6

4.9 ± 0.5

 2-h glucose on OGTT (mmol/L)

5.3 ± 1.2

6.1 ± 1.5

6.4 ± 1.8

7.0 ± 1.9

 Current glucose tolerance status

  Normal (%)

97.2

87.4

77.8

69.7

  Pre-diabetes/diabetes (%)

2.8

12.6

22.2

30.3

 Adiponectin (μg/mL)

10.0 ± 4.0

9.8 ± 3.9

8.2 ± 3.1

8.5 ± 2.9

 Chemerin (ng/mL)

55.8 ± 12.7

55.3 ± 14.8

58.6 ± 13.9

54.8 ± 16.0

 RBP-4 (mg/L)

35.8 ± 14.8

37.5 ± 13.3

34.9 ± 10.3

35.3 ± 9.9

 CRP (mg/L)

1.2 (0.6–3.7)

1.0 (0.5–2.9)

1.3 (0.6–2.7)

1.1 (0.7–3.1)

 PAI-1 (pg/mL)

7354 (6964–7683)

7308 (6914–7667)

7114 (6558–7612)

7175 (6667–7540)