Table 1 Baseline characteristics of patients

Clinical characteristics

 Age, years

68 (60–73)

 Gender (female), n (%)

21 (38)

 DM duration, years

7.0 (5.0–11.5)

 Body weight, kg

66.5 (56.8–76.9)

 BSA, m²

1.73 (1.57–1.90)

 Systolic blood pressure, mmHg

130 ± 16

 Heart rate, bpm

71 ± 12

 BNP, pg/mL

27.9 (9.0–58.2)

 BUN, mg/dL

14.7 (12.1–19.0)

 Creatinine, mg/dL

0.80 ± 0.20

 eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m²

70.6 ± 17.0

 HbA1c, %

6.9 (6.7–7.6)

 Hemoglobin, g/dL

13.7 ± 1.7

 Hematocrit,  %

41 ± 4.7

 Lipid profiles, mg/dL

  Triglycerides

127 (83.7–185)

  LDL cholesterol

98 (86–118)

  HDL cholesterol

51.5 (45.0–60.2)

 Uric acid, mg/dL

5.1 (4.4–5.9)

HF classification, n (%)

 HFpEF

37 (69)

 HFrEF

7 (13)

 HFmrEF

9 (17)

Comorbidities, n (%)

 Hypertension

43 (81)

 Dyslipidemia

42 (79)

 Cardiovascular event

12 (21)

Medications, n (%)

 CCB

19 (36)

 ACEI/ARB

42 (79)

 β-Blocker

27 (51)

 Diuretics

10 (19)

 Statin

37 (70)

 Antidiabetic drugs

  DPP-4I

40 (75)

  GLP-1 RA

1 (2)

  SU

11 (21)

  α-GI

9 (17)

  Thiazolidinedione

11 (21)

  Metformin

14 (26)

Echocardiographic parameters

 LV end-diastolic volume, mL

74.2 (55.1–104.1)

 LV end-systolic volume, mL

24.7 (17.0–54.5)

 LVEF, %

62.3 (49.3–68.3)

 LVMI, g/m²

75.0 (61.7–92.0)

 LAVI, mL/m²

31 (23–45)

 e′, cm/s

6.36 ± 1.73

 E/e′

9.3 (7.7–11.8)

 E, cm/s

58.1 (46.8–70.9)

 A, cm/s

76.1 ± 17.8

 E/A

0.71 (0.6–0.80)