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Table 5 Baseline characteristics, clinical, laboratory, and echocardiographic results in persons grouped by body mass index (BMI)

From: Overweight and obesity impair left ventricular systolic function as measured by left ventricular ejection fraction and global longitudinal strain

 

I

II

III

Significance between groups, p < 0.05

Normal weight

Overweight

Obesity

BMI < 25.0 kg/m2

BMI 25.0–29.9 kg/m2

BMI ≥ 30.0 kg/m2

Patients, n = 48

Patients, n = 163

Patients, n = 173

Controls, n = 73

Controls, n = 84

Controls, n = 27

Demographic data

 Age, years

  Patients

60.5 (2.8)

60.8 (3.1)

60.7 (3.1)

ns

  Controls

62.9 (5.8)

63.8 (5.7)

64.5 (5.8)

ns

 Female, n (%)

  Patients

15 (31.2)

39 (23.9)

59 (34.1)

II–III

  Controls

44 (60.3)

36 (42.8)

11 (40.7)

I–II

Medical history

 Diabetes duration, years

  Patients

6.4 (5.8)

6.4 (5.4)

6.8 (5.2)

ns

  Controls

0

0

0

ns

 Angina, n (%)

  Patients

4 (8.3)

10 (6.1)

25 (14.4)

II–III

  Controls

0

3 (3.6)

0

ns

 Myocardial infarction, n (%)

  Patients

3 (6.2)

9 (5.5)

12 (6.9)

ns

  Controls

1 (1.4)

2 (2.4)

2 (7.4)

ns

 Coronary revascularization, n (%)

  Patients

2 (4.2)

10 (6.1)

13 (7.5)

ns

  Controls

1 (1.4)

1 (1.2)

2 (7.4)

ns

 Heart failure, n (%)

  Patients

1 (2.1)

1 (0.6)

6 (3.5)

ns

  Controls

0

0

0

ns

 Hypertension, n (%)

  Patients

31 (64.6)

101 (62.0)

112 (64.7)

ns

  Controls

12 (16.4)

21 (25.0)

10 (37.0)

I–III

Laboratory analyses

 HbA1c, %

    

  Patients

5.5 (0.9)

6.0 (1.0)

6.1 (1.0)

I–II, I–III

 Triglycerides, mmol/L

  Patients

1.2 (0.6)

1.7 (0.9)

1.9 (0.9)

I–II, I–III

  Controls

1.3 (1.6)

1.4 (0.6)

1.6 (0.9)

ns

 Triglycerides, mg/dL

  Patients

106.2 (53.1)

150.4 (79.6)

168.1 (79.6)

I–II, I–III

  Controls

115.0 (141.6)

123.9 (53.1)

141.6 (79.7)

ns

 LDL-C, mmol/L

  Patients

2.7 (0.7)

2.7 (0.8)

2.5 (0.6)

ns

  Controls

3.5 (0.8)

3.4 (0.9)

3.5 (1.0)

ns

 LDL-C, mg/dL

  Patients

104.4 (27.1)

104.4 (30.9)

96.7 (23.2)

ns

  Controls

135.3 (30.9)

131.5 (34.8)

135.3 (38.7)

ns

 Microalbuminuria, n (%)

  Patients

3 (6.2)

27 (16.6)

30 (17.3)

ns

  Controls

2 (2.7)

2 (2.4)

3 (11.1)

ns

 Creatinine, µmol/L

  Patients

89.4 (12.8)

89.6 (18.1)

87.4 (15.8)

ns

  Controls

73.3 (11.4)

80.6 (14.4)

85.9 (19.5)

I–II, I–III

 Creatinine, mg/dL

  Patients

1.01 (0.14)

1.01 (0.20)

0.99 (0.18)

ns

  Controls

0.83 (0.13)

0.91 (0.16)

0.97 (0.22)

I–II, I–III

 GFR, mL/min/1.73 m2

  Patients

69.9 (8.9)

73.3 (17.1)

72.8 (16.4)

ns

  Controls

80.0 (13.8)

76.9 (14.5)

72.9 (16.3)

ns

 Systolic blood pressure, mmHg

  Patients

132 (19)

138 (15)

138 (17)

I–III

  Controls

124 (18)

129 (18)

139 (13)

I–III

 Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg

  Patients

76 (8)

79 (9)

77 (8)

ns

  Controls

71 (9)

76 (11)

80 (8)

I–II, I–III

Echocardiography

 LA, mm/m2

  Patients

20.2 (2.3)

20.5 (2.3)

20.4 (2.3)

ns

  Controls

20.9 (2.5)

20.5 (4.0)

19.6 (3.0)

ns

 LVEDV, mL/m2

  Patients

50.2 (9.2)

48.9 (9.4)

46.6 (13.0)

ns

  Controls

50.2 (9.2)

48.9 (9.4)

46.6 (9.9)

ns

 LV mass, g/m2

  Patients

96.7 (20.6)

102.0 (22.5)

107.1 (26.4)

I–III

  Controls

89.9 (16.9)

100.3 (22.9)

101.5 (32.4)

I–II

 LVEF, %

  Patients

57 (8)

53 (8)

49 (9)

I–II, I–III, II–III

  Controls

58 (6)

55 (7)

54 (8)

I–II, I–III

 MAPSE, mm

  Patients

13 (2)

12 (2)

12 (2)

I–II, I–III

  Controls

13 (2)

12 (2)

12 (2)

ns

 GLS, %

  Patients

− 18.6 (2.3)

− 17.5 (2.3)

− 16.2 (3.0)

I–II, I–III, II–III

  Controls

− 22.3 (3.0)

− 20.8 (3.1)

− 19.6 (4.0)

I–II, I–III

 E/é

  Patients

11.9 (3.2)

14.0 (3.8)

14.7 (3.8)

I–II, I–III, II–III

  Controls

10.3 (2.7)

11.3 (3.7)

12.5 (4.0)

I–III

  1. Values are mean (standard deviation) values for continuous variables and numbers (percent) for proportions. LA, LVEDV and LV mass are indexed by body surface area. See abbreviations as in Tables 1 and 2