Table 1 Baseline characteristics for participants in the continuous care intervention (CCI) and usual care (UC) groups

Age (years)

 CCI-all education^a

54 (8)

54 (8)

 Usual care^a

52 (10)

52 (10)

 CCI-all vs. usual care^b

1 ± 1

2 ± 1*

Female (%)

 CCI-all education^a

66.8 ± 2.9

65.1 ± 3.2

 Usual care^a

58.6 ± 5.3

60.3 ± 5.5

 CCI-all vs. usual care^b

8.2 ± 6.0

4.9 ± 6.4

Smokers (%)

 CCI-all education^a

3.8 ± 1.3

4.0 ± 1.5

 Usual care^a

14.9 ± 3.8

14.1 ± 3.9

 CCI-all vs. usual care^b

− 11.2 ± 4.0^†

− 10.1 ± 4.2*

Weight-clinic (kg)

 CCI-all education^a

116.5 (25.9)

115.4 (24.6)

 Usual care^a

105.6 (22.2)

106.8 (22.2)

 CCI-all vs. usual care^b

10.9 ± 2.9^‡

8.6 ± 3.2^†

BMI (kg m⁻²)

 CCI-all education^a

40.4 (8.8)

39.9 (7.9)

 Usual care^a

36.7 (7.3)

37.1 (7.6)

 CCI-all vs. usual care^b

3.7 ± 1.0^‡

2.7 ± 1.1^†

Hemoglobin A1c (%)

 CCI-all education^a

7.60 (1.50)

7.49 (1.40)

 Usual care^a

7.64 (1.76)

7.74 (1.82)

 CCI-all vs. usual care^b

−0.04 ± 0.21

−0.25 ± 0.24

Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)

 CCI-all education^a

132 (14)

133 (15)

 Usual care^a

130 (14)

129 (13)

 CCI-all vs. usual care^b

2 ± 2

4 ± 2*

Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)

 CCI-all education^a

82 (8)

82 (8)

 Usual care^a

82 (9)

81 (8)

 CCI-all vs. usual care^b

0 ± 1

0 ± 1

ApoB (mg dL⁻¹)

 CCI-all education^a

105 (29)

103 (28)

 Usual care^a

107 (28)

106 (30)

 CCI-all vs. usual care^b

−2 ± 4

−2

ApoA1 (mg dL⁻¹)

 CCI-all education^a

146 (28)

146 (29)

 Usual care^a

149 (22)

148 (21)

 CCI-all vs. usual care^b

−3 ± 3

−2 ± 3

ApoB/ApoA1 ratio

 CCI-all education^a

0.74 (0.23)

0.73 (0.23)

 Usual care^a

0.73 (0.23)

0.73 (0.25)

 CCI-all vs. usual care^b

0.01 ± 0.03

0.00 ± 0.04

Triglycerides (mg dL⁻¹)

 CCI-all education^a

197 (143)

201 (153)

 Usual care^a

283 (401)

297 (458)

 CCI-all vs. usual care^b

−86 ± 46*

−97 ± 61

LDL-C (mg dL⁻¹)

 CCI-all education^a

103 (33)

100 (33)

 Usual care^a

102 (36)

100 (38)

 CCI-all vs. usual care^b

1 ± 5

0 ± 6

HDL-C (mg dL⁻¹)

 CCI-all education^a

42 (13)

42 (14)

 Usual care^a

38 (11)

37 (11)

 CCI-all vs. usual care^b

5 ± 2^†

5 ± 2^†

Triglycerides/HDL-C ratio

 CCI-all education^a

5.9 (7.1)

6.1 (7.9)

 Usual care^a

10.5 (23.2)

11.5 (26.5)

 CCI-all vs. usual care^b

−4.6 ± 2.6

−5.4 ± 3.5

Large VLDL-P (nmol L⁻¹)

 CCI-all education^a

10 (8)

9 (8)

 Usual care^a

12 (12)

12 (13)

 CCI-all vs. usual care^b

−2 ± 1

−2 ± 2

Total LDL-P (nmol L⁻¹)

 CCI-all education^a

1300 (465)

1296 (476)

 Usual care^a

1289 (511)

1243 (484)

 CCI-all vs. usual care^b

11 ± 63

52 ± 68

Small LDL-P (nmol L⁻¹)

 CCI-all education^a

774 (377)

778 (378)

 Usual care^a

719 (322)

699 (326)

 CCI-all vs. usual care^b

55 ± 42

789 ± 48

LDL-particle size (nm)

 CCI-all education^a

20.30 (0.55)

20.3 (0.55)

 Usual care^a

20.33 (0.56)

20.32 (0.55)

 CCI-all vs. usual care^b

−0.03 ± 0.07

−0.03 ± 0.08

Total HDL-P (μmol L⁻¹)

 CCI-all education^a

31.3 (6.4)

31.7 (6.4)

 Usual care^a

29.9 (5.8)

30.2 (6.0)

 CCI-all vs. usual care^b

1.4 ± 0.8

1.5 ± 0.9

Large HDL-P (μmol L⁻¹)

 CCI-all education^a

4.3 (2.5)

4.2 (2.5)

 Usual care^a

3.8 (2.1)

3.8 (2.1)

 CCI-all vs. usual care^b

0.4 ± 0.3

0.4 ± 0.3

LP-IR score

 CCI-all education^a

72 (17)

72 (18)

 Usual care^a

75 (16)

74 (17)

 CCI-all vs. usual care^b

−3 ± 2

−2 ± 2

C-reactive protein (mg L⁻¹)

 CCI-all education^a

8.5 (14.5)

9.0 (16.1)

 Usual care^a

8.9 (8.6)

9.1 (9.0)

 CCI-all vs. usual care^b

−0.3 ± 1.3

−0.1 ± 1.6

WBC

 CCI-all education^a

7.2 (1.9)

7.1 (1.8)

 Usual care^a

8.1 (2.4)

8.3 (2.4)

 CCI-all vs. usual care^b

−0.9 ± 0.3^†

−1.2 ± 0.3^§

10-year ASCVD risk (%)

 CCI-all education^a

11.1 (9.1)

12.1 (9.3)

 Usual care^a

11.8 (10.8)

11.4 (10.8)

 CCI-all vs. usual care^b

−0.6 ± 1.4

0.8 ± 1.6

CIMT-average (mm)

 CCI-all education^a

0.681 (0.108)

0.692 (0.113)

 Usual care^a

0.681 (0.116)

0.680 (0.111)

 CCI-all vs. usual care^b

−0.001 ± 0.014

0.013 ± 0.016

Statin (%)

 CCI-all education^a

50.0 ± 3.1

51.8 ± 3.4

 Usual care^a

58.6 ± 5.3

54.8 ± 5.8

 CCI-all vs. usual care^b

−8.6 ± 6.1

−3.0 ± 6.7

Any antihypertensive medication (%)

 CCI-all education^a

67.2 ± 2.9

68.4 ± 3.2

 Usual care^a

52.9 ± 5.4

50.7 ± 5.9

 CCI-all vs. usual care^b

14.3 ± 6.1*

17.7 ± 6.7^†

ACE or ARB (%)

 CCI-all education^a

29.4 ± 2.8

28.0 ± 3.0

 Usual care^a

18.4 ± 4.2

16.4 ± 4.3

 CCI-all vs. usual care^b

11.0 ± 5.0*

11.5 ± 5.3*

Diuretics (%)

 CCI-all education^a

40.8 ± 3.0

41.3 ± 3.3

 Usual care^a

29.9 ± 4.9

24.7 ± 5.0

 CCI-all vs. usual care^b

11.0 ± 5.8

16.6 ± 6.1^†