Cardiovascular Diabetology

Table 1 Baseline characteristics for participants in the continuous care intervention (CCI) and usual care (UC) groups

From: Cardiovascular disease risk factor responses to a type 2 diabetes care model including nutritional ketosis induced by sustained carbohydrate restriction at 1 year: an open label, non-randomized, controlled study

	All		Completers with data
	N	Mean (SD) or ± SE	N	Mean (SD) or ± SE
Age (years)
CCI-all education^a	262	54 (8)	218	54 (8)
Usual care^a	87	52 (10)	78	52 (10)
CCI-all vs. usual care^b		1 ± 1		2 ± 1*
Female (%)
CCI-all education^a	262	66.8 ± 2.9	218	65.1 ± 3.2
Usual care^a	87	58.6 ± 5.3	78	60.3 ± 5.5
CCI-all vs. usual care^b		8.2 ± 6.0		4.9 ± 6.4
Smokers (%)
CCI-all education^a	211	3.8 ± 1.3	176	4.0 ± 1.5
Usual care^a	87	14.9 ± 3.8	78	14.1 ± 3.9
CCI-all vs. usual care^b		− 11.2 ± 4.0^†		− 10.1 ± 4.2*
Weight-clinic (kg)
CCI-all education^a	257	116.5 (25.9)	184	115.4 (24.6)
Usual care^a	83	105.6 (22.2)	69	106.8 (22.2)
CCI-all vs. usual care^b		10.9 ± 2.9^‡		8.6 ± 3.2^†
BMI (kg m⁻²)
CCI-all education^a	257	40.4 (8.8)	184	39.9 (7.9)
Usual care^a	83	36.7 (7.3)	69	37.1 (7.6)
CCI-all vs. usual care^b		3.7 ± 1.0^‡		2.7 ± 1.1^†
Hemoglobin A1c (%)
CCI-all education^a	262	7.60 (1.50)	204	7.49 (1.40)
Usual care^a	87	7.64 (1.76)	72	7.74 (1.82)
CCI-all vs. usual care^b		−0.04 ± 0.21		−0.25 ± 0.24
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)
CCI-all education^a	260	132 (14)	187	133 (15)
Usual care^a	79	130 (14)	67	129 (13)
CCI-all vs. usual care^b		2 ± 2		4 ± 2*
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)
CCI-all education^a	260	82 (8)	187	82 (8)
Usual care^a	79	82 (9)	67	81 (8)
CCI-all vs. usual care^b		0 ± 1		0 ± 1
ApoB (mg dL⁻¹)
CCI-all education^a	248	105 (29)	186	103 (28)
Usual care^a	79	107 (28)	59	106 (30)
CCI-all vs. usual care^b		−2 ± 4		−2
ApoA1 (mg dL⁻¹)
CCI-all education^a	248	146 (28)	185	146 (29)
Usual care^a	79	149 (22)	59	148 (21)
CCI-all vs. usual care^b		−3 ± 3		−2 ± 3
ApoB/ApoA1 ratio
CCI-all education^a	248	0.74 (0.23)	185	0.73 (0.23)
Usual care^a	79	0.73 (0.23)	59	0.73 (0.25)
CCI-all vs. usual care^b		0.01 ± 0.03		0.00 ± 0.04
Triglycerides (mg dL⁻¹)
CCI-all education^a	247	197 (143)	186	201 (153)
Usual care^a	79	283 (401)	59	297 (458)
CCI-all vs. usual care^b		−86 ± 46*		−97 ± 61
LDL-C (mg dL⁻¹)
CCI-all education^a	232	103 (33)	172	100 (33)
Usual care^a	70	102 (36)	48	100 (38)
CCI-all vs. usual care^b		1 ± 5		0 ± 6
HDL-C (mg dL⁻¹)
CCI-all education^a	247	42 (13)	186	42 (14)
Usual care^a	79	38 (11)	59	37 (11)
CCI-all vs. usual care^b		5 ± 2^†		5 ± 2^†
Triglycerides/HDL-C ratio
CCI-all education^a	247	5.9 (7.1)	186	6.1 (7.9)
Usual care^a	79	10.5 (23.2)	59	11.5 (26.5)
CCI-all vs. usual care^b		−4.6 ± 2.6		−5.4 ± 3.5
Large VLDL-P (nmol L⁻¹)
CCI-all education^a	259	10 (8)	203	9 (8)
Usual care^a	83	12 (12)	68	12 (13)
CCI-all vs. usual care^b		−2 ± 1		−2 ± 2
Total LDL-P (nmol L⁻¹)
CCI-all education^a	259	1300 (465)	203	1296 (476)
Usual care^a	83	1289 (511)	68	1243 (484)
CCI-all vs. usual care^b		11 ± 63		52 ± 68
Small LDL-P (nmol L⁻¹)
CCI-all education^a	259	774 (377)	203	778 (378)
Usual care^a	83	719 (322)	68	699 (326)
CCI-all vs. usual care^b		55 ± 42		789 ± 48
LDL-particle size (nm)
CCI-all education^a	259	20.30 (0.55)	201	20.3 (0.55)
Usual care^a	83	20.33 (0.56)	68	20.32 (0.55)
CCI-all vs. usual care^b		−0.03 ± 0.07		−0.03 ± 0.08
Total HDL-P (μmol L⁻¹)
CCI-all education^a	259	31.3 (6.4)	203	31.7 (6.4)
Usual care^a	83	29.9 (5.8)	68	30.2 (6.0)
CCI-all vs. usual care^b		1.4 ± 0.8		1.5 ± 0.9
Large HDL-P (μmol L⁻¹)
CCI-all education^a	259	4.3 (2.5)	203	4.2 (2.5)
Usual care^a	83	3.8 (2.1)	68	3.8 (2.1)
CCI-all vs. usual care^b		0.4 ± 0.3		0.4 ± 0.3
LP-IR score
CCI-all education^a	259	72 (17)	203	72 (18)
Usual care^a	83	75 (16)	68	74 (17)
CCI-all vs. usual care^b		−3 ± 2		−2 ± 2
C-reactive protein (mg L⁻¹)
CCI-all education^a	249	8.5 (14.5)	193	9.0 (16.1)
Usual care^a	85	8.9 (8.6)	70	9.1 (9.0)
CCI-all vs. usual care^b		−0.3 ± 1.3		−0.1 ± 1.6
WBC
CCI-all education^a	260	7.2 (1.9)	204	7.1 (1.8)
Usual care^a	86	8.1 (2.4)	72	8.3 (2.4)
CCI-all vs. usual care^b		−0.9 ± 0.3^†		−1.2 ± 0.3^§
10-year ASCVD risk (%)
CCI-all education^a	198	11.1 (9.1)	135	12.1 (9.3)
Usual care^a	72	11.8 (10.8)	55	11.4 (10.8)
CCI-all vs. usual care^b		−0.6 ± 1.4		0.8 ± 1.6
CIMT-average (mm)
CCI-all education^a	236	0.681 (0.108)	144	0.692 (0.113)
Usual care^a	84	0.681 (0.116)	68	0.680 (0.111)
CCI-all vs. usual care^b		−0.001 ± 0.014		0.013 ± 0.016
Statin (%)
CCI-all education^a	262	50.0 ± 3.1	218	51.8 ± 3.4
Usual care^a	87	58.6 ± 5.3	73	54.8 ± 5.8
CCI-all vs. usual care^b		−8.6 ± 6.1		−3.0 ± 6.7
Any antihypertensive medication (%)
CCI-all education^a	262	67.2 ± 2.9	218	68.4 ± 3.2
Usual care^a	87	52.9 ± 5.4	73	50.7 ± 5.9
CCI-all vs. usual care^b		14.3 ± 6.1*		17.7 ± 6.7^†
ACE or ARB (%)
CCI-all education^a	262	29.4 ± 2.8	218	28.0 ± 3.0
Usual care^a	87	18.4 ± 4.2	73	16.4 ± 4.3
CCI-all vs. usual care^b		11.0 ± 5.0*		11.5 ± 5.3*
Diuretics (%)
CCI-all education^a	262	40.8 ± 3.0	218	41.3 ± 3.3
Usual care^a	87	29.9 ± 4.9	73	24.7 ± 5.0
CCI-all vs. usual care^b		11.0 ± 5.8		16.6 ± 6.1^†

Significant baseline difference between means or percentages are designated by the following symbols: * 0.05 > P ≥ 0.01, ^†0.01 > P ≥ 0.001, ^‡0.001 > P ≥ 0.0001, ^§P < 0.0001
^a Mean and standard deviations for continuous variables, percents and standard errors for categorical variables
^b Difference between means or percentages ± 1 standard error of the difference

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