Table 4 Results of multivariable analyses for the excess risks associated with 12- and 24-month glycemic variability parameters, analyzed as continuous variables, for the occurrence of future diabetic microvascular complications

Retinopathy (incident or worsening)

n = 152

FG-SD

1.54 (1.35–1.76)*

1.27 (1.08–1.49)^†

1.12 (0.93–1.35)

1.49 (1.31–1.69)*

1.28 (1.09–1.51)^†

FG-VC

1.48 (1.27–1.71)*

1.18 (1.00–1.39)^‡

1.12 (0.94–1.34)

1.48 (1.27–1.72)*

1.20 (1.01–1.43)^‡

HbA_1c-SD

1.27 (1.12–1.43)*

1.16 (1.00–1.33)^‡

0.99 (0.83–1.18)

1.31 (1.16–1.47)*

1.21 (1.05–1.39)^†

HbA_1c-VC

1.21 (1.06–1.38)^†

1.12 (0.97–1.30)

1.00 (0.85–1.18)

1.27 (1.11–1.44)*

1.17 (1.02–1.34)^‡

HbA_1c-MEAN^a

–

–

1.27 (1.00–1.60)^‡

–

–

Composite renal outcome

n = 183

FG-SD

1.29 (1.14–1.47)*

1.19 (1.03–1.39)^‡

1.15 (0.97–1.36)

1.37 (1.20–1.55)*

1.30 (1.12–1.51)^†

FG-VC

1.24 (1.08–1.42)^†

1.14 (0.98–1.33)

1.11 (0.94–1.30)

1.30 (1.13–1.49)*

1.21 (1.04–1.41)^‡

HbA_1c-SD

1.24 (1.09–1.40)^†

1.14 (0.99–1.30)

1.06 (0.90–1.26)

1.29 (1.14–1.46)*

1.19 (1.04–1.37)^‡

HbA_1c-VC

1.19 (1.05–1.36)^†

1.11 (0.97–1.27)

1.05 (0.90–1.22)

1.23 (1.09–1.40)^†

1.15 (1.01–1.31)^‡

HbA_1c-MEAN^a

–

–

1.15 (0.91–1.46)

–

–

Microalbuminuria (incident)

n = 89

FG-SD

1.21 (0.98–1.48)

1.24 (0.98–1.56)

1.21 (0.91–1.62)

1.27 (1.04–1.56)^‡

1.34 (1.06–1.69)^‡

FG-VC

1.14 (0.93–1.41)

1.17 (0.93–1.48)

1.15 (0.90–1.48)

1.21 (0.98–1.48)

1.26 (1.00–1.58)^‡

HbA_1c-SD

1.13 (0.92–1.40)

1.11 (0.89–1.39)

1.02 (0.76–1.37)

1.20 (0.98–1.47)

1.19 (0.96–1.47)

HbA_1c-VC

1.11 (0.89–1.37)

1.08 (0.87–1.35)

1.01 (0.78–1.31)

1.17 (0.95–1.43)

1.15 (0.93–1.42)

HbA_1c-MEAN^a

–

–

1.03 (0.74–1.45)

–

–

Renal failure

n = 91

FG-SD

1.54 (1.31–1.83)*

1.27 (1.05–1.55)^‡

1.22 (0.98–1.53)

1.70 (1.44–2.01)*

1.43 (1.16–1.77)^†

FG-VC

1.50 (1.24–1.82)*

1.25 (1.01–1.53)^‡

1.18 (0.95–1.46)

1.64 (1.34–2.00)*

1.32 (1.06–1.64)^‡

HbA_1c-SD

1.51 (1.29–1.76)*

1.34 (1.12–1.60)^†

1.27 (1.02–1.58)^‡

1.53 (1.30–1.79)*

1.35 (1.12–1.63)^†

HbA_1c-VC

1.43 (1.22–1.68)*

1.33 (1.11–1.59)^†

1.26 (1.03–1.53)^‡

1.43 (1.22–1.68)*

1.31 (1.09–1.57)^†

HbA_1c-MEAN^a

–

–

1.20 (0.85–1.70)

–

–

Peripheral neuropathy (incident or worsening)

n = 96

FG-SD

1.37 (1.10–1.71)^†

1.09 (0.82–1.44)

0.96 (0.69–1.34)

1.58 (1.25–2.00)*

1.31 (0.98–1.76)

FG-VC

1.38 (1.10–1.73)^†

1.16 (0.87–1.54)

1.04 (0.77–1.40)

1.56 (1.24–1.96)*

1.38 (1.04–1.83)^‡

HbA_1c-SD

1.42 (1.15–1.76)^†

1.30 (1.01–1.66)^‡

1.11 (0.82–1.50)

1.51 (1.21–1.87)*

1.37 (1.07–1.75)^‡

HbA_1c-VC

1.33 (1.07–1.65)^‡

1.22 (0.95–1.55)

1.08 (0.83–1.42)

1.41 (1.14–1.74)^†

1.26 (0.99–1.61)

HbA_1c-MEAN^a

–

–

1.55 (1.03–2.32)^‡

–

–

Peripheral neuropathy (incident)

n = 42

FG-SD

1.33 (0.96–1.84)

1.10 (0.75–1.63)

0.95 (0.60–1.50)

1.44 (1.03–2.01)^‡

1.23 (0.83–1.84)

FG-VC

1.26 (0.91–1.75)

1.12 (0.76–1.65)

1.03 (0.68–1.55)

1.31 (0.95–1.82)

1.20 (0.81–1.77)

HbA_1c-SD

1.66 (1.27–2.17)*

1.63 (1.19–2.22)^†

1.73 (1.15–2.60)^†

1.76 (1.33–2.32)*

1.67 (1.22–2.27)*

HbA_1c-VC

1.63 (1.25–2.14)*

1.58 (1.16–2.16)^†

1.55 (1.09–2.20)^‡

1.72 (1.30–2.26)*

1.62 (1.18–2.21)^†

HbA_1c-MEAN^a

–

–

0.91 (0.47–1.74)

–

–