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Table 4 Association between change in SMI over 1 year and incidence of metabolic syndrome (Cox model) (N = 11,639)

From: Increase in relative skeletal muscle mass over time and its inverse association with metabolic syndrome development: a 7-year retrospective cohort study

 

Group 1

(< 0%)

(n = 6525)

Group 2

(0–1%)

(n = 3734)

Group 3

(> 1%)

(n = 1380)

P for trend

Referent

HR

95% CI

P value

HR

95% CI

P value

Model 1

1

0.91

0.82, 1.01

0.080

0.72

0.61, 0.86

< 0.001

< 0.001

Model 2

1

0.94

0.85, 1.05

0.282

0.77

0.65, 0.92

0.004

0.013

Model 3

1

0.90

0.81, 1.01

0.066

0.71

0.59, 0.84

< 0.001

< 0.001

Model 4

1

0.91

0.82, 1.01

0.073

0.71

0.59, 0.84

< 0.001

< 0.001

Model 5

1

0.87

0.78, 0.97

0.010

0.67

0.56, 0.79

< 0.001

< 0.001

Subgroup analysesa

 Sex

    

P for interaction = 0.506

  Men (n = 6746)

1

0.83

0.73, 0.94

0.005

0.63

0.50, 0.79

< 0.001

< 0.001

  Women (n = 4893)

1

0.95

0.79, 1.16

0.631

0.78

0.58, 1.04

0.085

0.226

 Baseline sex-specific SMI

    

P for interaction = 0.588

  Lowest tertile (n = 3879)

1

0.81

0.70, 0.93

0.004

0.67

0.53, 0.83

< 0.001

< 0.001

  Middle tertile (n = 3880)

1

0.98

0.81, 1.18

0.825

0.64

0.45, 0.90

0.011

0.039

  Highest tertile (n = 3880)

1

0.88

0.66, 1.18

0.397

0.67

0.40, 1.15

0.145

0.282

 Smoking status

    

P for interaction = 0.204

  Never (n = 6480)

1

0.89

0.76, 1.04

0.132

0.74

0.58, 0.94

0.014

0.032

  Past (n = 3257)

1

0.76

0.63, 0.93

0.007

0.71

0.51, 0.99

0.045

0.008

  Present (n = 1902)

1

0.99

0.79, 1.24

0.941

0.48

0.31, 0.73

0.001

0.003

 Obesity

     

P for interaction = 0.092

  Absence (n = 8867)

1

0.89

0.76, 1.03

0.109

0.77

0.61, 0.98

0.031

0.050

  Presence (n = 2772)

1

0.85

0.73, 1.00

0.047

0.56

0.43, 0.74

< 0.001

< 0.001

      

P for interaction = 0.351

 Age ≤ 50 (n = 6326)

1

0.94

0.81, 1.10

0.462

0.70

0.55, 0.90

0.005

0.019

 Age > 50 (n = 5313)

1

0.80

0.69, 0.93

0.003

0.62

0.48, 0.81

< 0.001

< 0.001

 IFG

     

P for interaction = 0.456

  Absence (n = 10,368)

1

0.87

0.77, 0.98

0.020

0.63

0.51, 0.77

< 0.001

< 0.001

  Presence (n = 1271)

1

0.79

0.60, 1.05

0.106

0.75

0.50, 1.12

0.154

0.160

      

P for interaction = 0.631

 HOMA-IRb ≤ 2.5 (n = 6254)

1

0.83

0.71, 0.97

0.023

0.63

0.49, 0.83

0.001

0.001

 HOMA-IR > 2.5 (n = 1447)

1

0.87

0.69, 1.10

0.242

0.77

0.54, 1.09

0.136

0.233

  1. Model 1: crude
  2. Model 2: Model 1 + further adjusted for sex and age
  3. Model 3: Model 2 + further adjusted for BMI
  4. Model 4: Model 3 + further adjusted for family history of diabetes, smoking status, regular exercise, eGFR, and CRP
  5. Model 5: Model 4 + further adjusted for baseline SMI
  6. BMI body mass index, CI confidence interval, CRP C-reactive protein, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, HDL high density lipoprotein, HOMA-IR homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, HR hazard ratio, IFG impaired fasting glucose, SMI skeletal muscle mass index
  7. aSubgroup analyses were adjusted for Model 5
  8. bA total of 7701 subjects were analyzed due to missing HOMA-IR values
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Cardiovascular Diabetology

ISSN: 1475-2840